Ken-Betwa link project

👉The Union Cabinet has approved the funding and implementation of the Ken-Betwa river interlinking project at a cost of ₹44,605 crore at the 2020-21 price level.

👉The project involves transferring of water from the Ken river to the Betwa river through the construction of Daudhan dam and a canal linking the two rivers, the Lower Orr Project, Kotha Barrage and the Bina Complex Multipurpose Project.

👉The project is slated to irrigate 10.62 lakh hectares annually, provide drinking water supply to 62 lakh people and generate 103 MW of hydropower and 27 MW of solar power.

👉The project will be of immense benefit to the water-starved Bundelkhand region, spread across Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh.

👉The project is expected to boost socio-economic prosperity in the backward Bundelkhand region on account of increased agricultural activities and employment generation.

👉It would also help in arresting distress migration from this region.

❇️Ken and Betwa

✔️Ken and Betwa rivers originate in MP and are the tributaries of Yamuna.

✔️Ken meets with Yamuna in Banda district of UP and with Betwa in Hamirpur district of UP.

✔️Rajghat, Paricha and Matatila dams are over Betwa river.

✔️Ken River passes through Panna tiger reserve.



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Char Dham project

👉The Char Dham highway project connects the four himalayan shrines of Gangotri, Yamunotri, Kedarnath and Badrinath in Garhwal Himalayas.

👉It has an 899-km road which the Centre wants to broaden near Dehradun.

👉The Char Dham is a set of four pilgrimage sites in India.

👉It is believed that visiting these sites helps achieve moksha (salvation).

👉The four Dhams are Badrinath, Dwaraka, Puri and Rameswaram.


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Kalibari temple

👉Ramna Kali Temple is a temple in Dhaka. The temple is dedicated to the Goddess Kali and is believed to have been built during the Mughal period.

👉The temple gained prominence in the early 20th century when the renowned saint Ma Anandamayi built her ashram within temple premises.

👉However, the temple was destroyed in 1971 by the Pakistani Army during the Bangladesh Liberation War. In 2017, the Government of India had pledged money for reconstruction efforts of the temple.

👉And now the temple has been inaugurated by the President of India after reconstruction was completed.


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Mekedatu Issue

👉Karnataka and Tamil Nadu are again at the crossroads against the Mekedatu dam project in the Cauvery River Basin.

👉Mekedatu, meaning goat’s leap, is a deep gorge situated at the confluence of the rivers Cauvery and Arkavathi, about 100 km from Bengaluru, at the Kanakapura taluk in Karnataka’s Ramanagara district.

👉In 2013, then Karnataka announced the construction of a multi-purpose balancing reservoir project.

👉The project aimed to alleviate the drinking water problems of the Bengaluru and Ramanagara districts.

👉It was also expected to generate hydroelectricity to meet the power needs of the state.

👉TN has objected over granting of permission or environmental clearance.

👉Explaining the potential for damage to the lower riparian state of TN, it said that the project was in violation of the final award of the Cauvery Water Disputes Tribunal.

👉It stated that the project will affect the natural flow of the river Cauvery considerably and will severely affect the irrigation in TN.

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Assam Meghalaya border dispute

👉Assam and Meghalaya share an 885-km-long border. Meghalaya was carved out of Assam under the Assam Reorganisation Act, 1971, a law that it challenged, leading to disputes.

👉As of now, there are 12 points of dispute along their borders. These include the areas of Upper Tarabari, Gazang reserve forest, Hahim, Langpih, Borduar, Boklapara, Nongwah, Matamur, Khanapara-Pilangkata, Deshdemoreah Block I and Block II, Khanduli and Retacherra.

👉The states of the Northeast were largely carved out of Assam, which has border disputes with several states.

👉Assam’s border disputes with Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland are pending in the Supreme Court.

👉Assam’s border disputes with Meghalaya and Mizoram are currently in the phase of resolution through negotiations.

👉The border dispute with Mizoram recently turned violent, leading to intervention from the Centre.

👉A major point of contention between Assam and Meghalaya is the district of Langpih in West Garo Hills bordering the Kamrup district of Assam.

👉Langpih was part of the Kamrup district during the British colonial period but post-Independence, it became part of the Garo Hills and Meghalaya.

👉Assam considers it to be part of the Mikir Hills in Assam. Meghalaya has questioned Blocks I and II of the Mikir Hills -now Karbi Anglong region – being part of Assam.

👉Meghalaya says these were parts of erstwhile United Khasi and Jaintia Hills districts.


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Tonga Islands

👉It is a volcanic island. It is located in Tonga. Tonga is a Polynesian country. It is an archipelago.

👉It consists of 169 islands. It is surrounded by New Caledonia and Vanuatu in the west, Fiji, Futuna and Wallis in the north west, Niue in the east and Kermadec (New Zealand) in the south west.

👉A volcano erupted in the southern Pacific Island of Tonga, which triggered Tsunami waves around the Pacific.

👉The Tonga Islands occur along the Ring of Fire—a perimeter of heightened volcanic and seismic activity that encircles the Pacific Ocean basin.


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Kawal Tiger Reserve

👉Kawal Tiger Reserve is located at Adilabad district in Telangana state of India.

👉The Government of India declared Kawal wildlife sanctuary as Tiger Reserve in 2012.

👉The Kawal wildlife sanctuary was established in 1965 and later declared as the Protected Area (PA) in 1999 under the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.

👉Flora: Dry Deciduous Teak Forests mixed with Bamboo.

👉Fauna: Mammal species that have been sighted include tiger, leopard, gaur, cheetal, sambar, nilgai, barking deer, chowsingha, sloth bear.

👉The River Kadam (a tributary of Godavari) flows through this area.

👉The area is increasingly getting threatened by growing human encroachments, rampant poaching, illegal wood felling and habitat loss.

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