Bonafide Plea of Juvenility

👉The Supreme Court, while dismissing an appeal challenging the decision of the Punjab and Haryana High Court, held that a plea of juvenility has to be raised in a bonafide and truthful manner.

👉The Court said that if a document of dubious nature is relied on to seek juvenility, the accused cannot be treated to be juvenile keeping in view that the law is a beneficial legislation.

👉Juvenile offenders (age below 18 years) are given protection under the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000 (JJ Act).

👉Under Section 7 A of the JJ Act, an accused person can raise the ‘claim of juvenility’ before “any court, at any stage, even after the final disposal of the case”.

👉The juvenile justice system concerns children who have conflicted with the law and need care and protection.
In India, a person below the age of 18 years is considered a juvenile.

👉Minor is a person who has not attained the age of full legal responsibility and the juvenile is a minor who has committed some offence or needs care and protection.

👉In India, any child below the age of 7 years can not be convicted of any crime because of the doctrine of Doli incapax which means incapable of forming intent to commit a crime.

👉Main Objective of the Juvenile Justice System is to rehabilitate young offenders and give them a second chance.

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Darkathon-2022

👉Narcotics Control Bureau, NCB, is organised in New Delhi the Darkathon -2022 to find solutions to counter drug trafficking through darknet across the globe.

👉The initiative aims at involving students, youth and technical experts to find effective solutions to unravel the anonymity of darknet markets.

👉 The agency recently smashed three groups of drug peddlers that were operating on the network that is accessed through encryption software which enables anonymity of users.


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Origami Metamaterials

👉Researchers have developed a special class of origami metamaterials which show a constant value of Poisson Ratio when subjected to stress.

👉When a material is crushed or stretched along a particular direction, it undergoes a modification in the perpendicular, or lateral, direction.

👉The ratio between the deformation along the force and the deformation in a direction lateral to the force is called the Poisson ratio. The Poisson ratio can be positive or negative.

👉In order to be useful, materials need to maintain a constant Poisson ratio when they crumble under pressure.

👉 However, they are prone not to do so, and the Poisson ratio varies as they deform.

👉The benefit is that the observed property does not depend on whether it is made from a sheet of paper, polymer or metal but under impact the sheet folds up along the creases.


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Guduchi

👉The Ministry of Ayush’s advisory on the use of Guduchi, also known as Giloy, confirms that Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia) is safe to use but some similar looking plants like Tinospora crispa may be harmful.

👉Guduchi is a popularly known herb and has been used in therapeutics since long in AYUSH systems.

👉It is a large, glabrous, perennial, deciduous, climbing shrub of weak and fleshy stem found throughout India.

👉It is a widely used plant in folk and Ayurvedic systems of medicine.

👉Potential medicinal properties include anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic, antioxidant, anti-allergic, anti-stress, antimalarial, etc.


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Tarapur Massacre of Bihar

👉The Tarapur massacre was the biggest carried out by the British police after the one in Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar in 1919.

👉On February 15, 1932, a group of young freedom fighters planned to hoist an Indian national flag at Thana Bhavan in Tarapur.

👉Police were aware of the plan, and several officers were present at the spot. Around 2 pm, even as the police carried out a brutal lathicharge, Gopal Singh succeeded in raising the flag at Thana Bhavan.

👉A 4,000-strong crowd pelted the police with stones, injuring an officer of the civil administration.

👉The police responded by opening indiscriminate fire on the crowd.

👉After about 75 rounds were fired, 34 bodies were found at the spot, even though there were claims of an even larger number of deaths.

👉The hanging of Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev, and Rajguru in Lahore on March 23, 1931, sent a wave of grief and anger around the country.

👉Following the collapse of the Gandhi-Irwin Pact, the Mahatma was arrested in early 1932.

👉The Congress was declared an illegal organization, and Nehru, Patel, and Rajendra Prasad were also thrown in jail.

👉In Munger, freedom fighters Srikrishna Singh, Nemdhari Singh, Nirapad Mukherjee, Pandit Dasrath Jha, Basukinath Rai, Dinanath Sahay, and Jaymangal Shastri were arrested.

👉A call given by the Congress leader Sardar Shardul Singh Kavishwar to raise the tricolour over government buildings resonated in Tarapur.

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India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO)

👉INO Project is aimed at building a world-class underground laboratory with a rock cover to conduct basic research on neutrino.

👉The Tata Institute of Fundamental Research is the nodal institution.

👉The observatory is to be built jointly with the Department of Atomic Energy and the Department of Science and Technology.

👉The observatory will be located underground so as to provide adequate shielding to the neutrino detector from cosmic background radiation.

👉The operation of INO will have no release of radioactive or toxic substances. It is not a weapons laboratory and will have no strategic or defence applications.

❇️Neutrino

👉The neutrino is a tiny elementary particle, but it is not part of the atom.

👉Neutrino has a very tiny mass and no charge. It interacts very weakly with other matter particles.

👉So weakly that every second trillions of neutrinos fall on us and pass through our bodies unnoticed.

👉Neutrinos come from the sun (solar neutrinos) and other stars, cosmic rays that come from beyond the solar system, and from the Big Bang from which our Universe originated.

👉They can also be produced in the lab.

👉The INO will study atmospheric neutrinos only. Solar neutrinos have much lower energy than the detector can detect.

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Solar waste handling policy

👉According to the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), India does not have a firm policy on managing waste that results from used solar panels or from the manufacturing process.

👉India has set a target of producing 100 GW of solar energy by 2022. The cumulative capacity of grid-connected solar photovoltaic(PV) installations is around 40 GW.

👉India’s solar manufacturing industry took off around 2010 most of the installed systems were new and early in their calendar life cycle and therefore unlikely to generate a large quantity of solar waste.

👉According to IRENA, it is estimated that the global photovoltaic waste will touch 78 million tonnes by 2050 with India expected to be one of the top five photovoltaic-waste creators.

👉However, India does not have a solar waste management policy and it currently considers solar waste a part of electronic waste and does not account for it separately.

👉A committee had been constituted under the chairmanship of the Secretary of the Ministry of Renewable Energy to propose an action plan to evolve a “circular economy” in solar panels, through the reuse/recycling of waste generated.

👉Currently, there is no commercial raw material recovery facility for solar e-waste operational in India.

👉But a pilot facility for solar panel recycling and material recovery has been set up by a private company in Gummidipoondi, Chennai, Tamil Nadu.

🛑Solar Waste

✅Solar waste is the electronic waste generated by discarded solar panels.

✅ Solar panels have an estimated life of 25 years. Further, solar PV modules could develop defects during the plant operations and be discarded even before their scheduled life span.

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Green Hydrogen/Green Ammonia Policy

👉The government has announced plans to produce five million tonnes of green hydrogen by 2030 and unveiled a policy that will enable manufacturers to source renewable energy to produce hydrogen or ammonia without paying transmission charges for 25 years.

👉This will boost the usage of the truly carbon-free fuel and make India an export hub.

👉The policy allows firms to set up renewable power capacity anywhere in the country.

👉They can also buy green power from exchanges.

👉In both cases, inter-state transmission will be free.

👉The government will allow the green hydrogen manufacturers to bank unconsumed renewable power, for up to 30 days, with distribution companies and take it back when required.

👉Reliance Industries (RIL), Larsen & Toubro, JSW Steel, Jindal Steel, NTPC, BPCL and Indian Oil Corp, among others, have announced plans to set up green hydrogen units.

👉The renewable energy industry is expected to get a lift from the policy as its cost will fall for those producing green hydrogen or ammonia, thereby increasing demand.

👉Despite the incentives, industry insiders has said green hydrogen would cost substantially more than that made from natural gas and the price would need to fall further for it to be more widely adopted.

👉The cost of green hydrogen is expected to be Rs.350-400/kg against an average Rs.140-180/kg from natural gas reformation.

👉Waiver of inter-state transmission charges will bring down the cost of power, a key element in the production of green hydrogen.

👉The provision for banking of unconsumed renewable power would also be very helpful.

👉These steps will not make green hydrogen commercially viable. The final cost of renewable power for consumers must fall significantly for viable green hydrogen.

👉The policy allows priority transmission, banking with distribution companies, quick open access, and single-window clearance for renewable energy used for green hydrogen or ammonia.

👉Producers will be given land for storage of such green hydrogen at ports.

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Japanese Encephalitis

👉It is a disease caused by a flavivirus that affects the membranes around the brain.

👉Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is also a major cause of Acute Encephalitis Syndrome (AES) in India.

👉The disease is transmitted to humans through bites from infected mosquitoes of the Culex species.

👉These mosquitoes breed mainly in rice fields and large water bodies rich in aquatic vegetation.

👉Migratory birds along with pigs in the community also play an important role in the transmission of JE from one area to other areas.

👉Most people infected with JE do not have symptoms or have only mild symptoms.

👉However, a small percentage of infected people develop inflammation of the brain (encephalitis), with symptoms including sudden onset of headache, high fever, disorientation, coma, tremors and convulsions.

👉There is no antiviral treatment for patients with JE.

👉 Treatment, available, is supportive to relieve symptoms and stabilise the patient.

👉Safe and effective JE vaccines are available to prevent the disease.

👉In India, mass vaccination with JE vaccine was started in a phased manner subsequent to the major outbreak in 2005.

👉JE vaccination is also included under the Universal Immunisation Program of the Government of India.

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Munich Security Conference

👉The Munich Security Conference has developed into the most important independent venue for international security policy decision-makers to exchange ideas during the last four decades.

👉Every year, it brings together over 350 top officials from over 70 countries to engage in a discussion on various security concerns.

👉Heads of state, international organizations, and governments as well as members of parliament, ministers, high-ranking military representatives, civil society, science, the media, and business are among those expected to attend this conference.

👉The conference takes place every year in February in the Bayerischer Hof Hotel in Munich, Germany.

👉The conference arose from Ewald-Heinrich von Kleist-Internationale Schmenzin’s Wehrkundebegegnung / Münchner Wehrkundetagung, which he created in 1963.

👉The Stauffenberg circle of resistance fighters advocated for the prevention of future military confrontations such as the Second World War and gathered together leaders and professionals in security policy to do so.

👉Henry Kissinger and Helmut Schmidt were among the 60 people who attended the inaugural meeting.

👉Von Kleist headed the meetings until 1997 when he was succeeded by politician and business manager Horst Teltschik, who led them from 1999 to 2008.

👉Wolfgang Ischinger, a veteran diplomat, has led the conference since 2009.

👉This conference has been cancelled twice, once in 1991 because of the First Gulf War and again in 1997 due to Kleist-Schmenzin’s retirement.

👉The Security Conference started in the year 1999 under Teltschik’s leadership for military, political, and business leaders from Eastern and Central, as well as India, the People’s Republic of China and Japan.

👉Senior politicians, diplomats, military and security experts from NATO and the European Union, as well as other countries such as India, China, Japan, Iran and Russia, are invited to discuss current issues in defence and security policies at this conference, which is themed peace through dialogue.

👉The conference’s goal is to address current major security concerns and evaluate major security difficulties, all while sticking to the concept of networked security.

👉The discussions of ideas on the future of transatlantic relations, as well as European and global security in the twenty-first century, are a focal feature of the conference.

👉Since the conference is privately organised, it is not a government-sponsored event. It is just used for debate; there is no authorization for binding intergovernmental decisions.

👉The high-level meeting is also used for private conversations among the attendees.

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Perseverance mission

👉NASA’s rover Perseverance, the most advanced astrobiology laboratory ever sent to another world, has landed safely on the floor of Jezero Crater on Mars.

👉The Perseverance rover weighs less than 2,300 pounds and is managed by NASA’s Jet Propulsion Lab.

👉It is a part of the mission named ‘Mars 2020’.

👉The rover’s mission will be to search for signs of past microbial life. It will also collect samples of Martian rocks and dust, according to the release.

👉All of NASA’s previous Mars rovers — including the Sojourner (1997), Spirit and Opportunity (2004) and Curiosity (exploring Mars since 2012) — were named in this way.

❇️Objectives of the mission

✅Identify past environments capable of supporting microbial life.

✅Seek signs of possible past microbial life in those habitable environments, particularly in special rocks known to preserve signs over time.

✅Collect core rock and regolith (“soil”) samples and store them on the Martian surface.

✅Test oxygen production from the Martian atmosphere.

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Annual Frontiers Report 2022

👉The UNEP Frontiers reports raise awareness of growing environmental challenges.

👉This report turns the attention towards various environmental challenges which are emerging with the potential of wreaking global or regional havoc.

👉The issues raised in this report are now on a small scale, but they have the potential to grow into global concerns that have a significant influence on people’s livelihoods and the environment.

👉Noise pollution, deadly wildfires, and various environmental threats which are looming could cause environmental damage and thus it is of utmost priority to address these concerns.

👉Urban noise pollution, phenological shifts, and wildfires are the three major subjects of this report that illustrate the urgent need to address the triple global problems of pollution, climate change, and biodiversity loss.

👉The report terms noise pollution as a “raucous killer”, and claims that prolonged, unwelcomed, and high-level sounds from railways, road traffic, or recreational activities harm people’s health and well-being.

👉Chronic annoyance and sleep disruption caused by traffic can lead to serious heart disease and metabolic issues in teenagers and children, and it also affects the marginalised and elderly people living near major roadways.

👉This report of the UNEP suggested city planners consider making noise reduction a priority by investing in urban infrastructure that produces positive soundscapes, such as green walls, tree belts, and additional green spaces in cities, all of which will provide various health advantages.

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Similipal Biosphere Reserve

👉The Forest Administration and SHGs (Self Help Groups) have started an awareness Campaign to manage fires in Similipal Biosphere Reserve this year.

👉Similipal derives its name from ‘Simul’ (silk cotton) tree.
It was formally designated a tiger reserve in 1956 and brought under Project Tiger in the year 1973.

👉It was declared a biosphere reserve by the Government of India in June, 1994.

👉It has been part of the UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserve since 2009.

👉It is part of the Similipal-Kuldiha-Hadgarh Elephant Reserve popularly known as Mayurbhanj Elephant Reserve.

👉It is prone to forest fires. In 2021, the Simlipal saw a major fire between February-end and early March.

👉It is situated in the northern part of Odisha’s Mayurbhanj district. Geographically, it lies in the eastern end of the eastern ghat.

👉The biosphere spread over 4,374 sq. km. has 845 sq. km. of core forest (tiger reserve), 2,129 sq km buffer area and 1,400 sq km of transition space.

👉Similipal has 1,076 flowering species and 96 species of orchids.

👉It boasts of having tropical semi-evergreen forests, tropical moist deciduous forests, dry deciduous hill forests.

👉Two tribes, the Erenga Kharias and the Mankirdias, inhabit the reserve’s forests and practise traditional agricultural activities.

👉Similipal is home to a wide range of wild animals including tigers and elephants, besides 304 species of birds, 20 species of amphibians and 62 species of reptiles.

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Ayush Start-up Challenge

👉The All India Institute of Ayurveda (AIIA) in association with Startup India has launched the ‘Ayush Start-up Challenge’.

👉It was launched to encourage start-ups and individuals working on innovations in the field of Ayurveda and alternative healing.

👉The winners of ‘Ayush Start-up Challenge’ will receive both a cash prize and incubation support from the AIIA.

👉The market size of the AYUSH sector has grown by 17 % in 2014-20 to reach USD 18.1 billion.

👉In terms of global share, India has grown faster in the AYUSH market as compared to the world and accounts for about 2.8 % of the market, which is likely to hold.

👉The Ayush market is currently estimated to be around USD 10 bn and it is projected to see a 50 % increase over the course of the next five years.

❇️3 entry categories for participating start-ups:

✅Ayush Food Innovations.

✅Ayush Bio-instrumentation (Hardware solutions)

✅Ayush IT Solutions (Software solutions).


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Data Accessibility Policy

👉The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) has come out with a draft Data Accessibility and Use policy.

👉The policy proposes to improve data availability, quality and use in line with the decade’s current and emerging technology demands.

👉Any data sharing shall happen within the legal framework of India, its national policies and legislation as well as the recognized international guidelines.

👉All data and information generated, created, collected, or stored by the central government and authorised agencies shall be covered by the policy.

👉All government data will be open and shareable unless it falls under a negative list of data sets, categorised under the negative list of datasets that won’t be shared; and restricted access and shared only with trusted users, as defined by the respective ministry or department, under the controlled environment.

❇️Expected policy outcomes:

✅Unlocking high-value data across the economy.

✅Facilitating a congruent and robust governance strategy.

✅Realising an interoperable digital infrastructure.

✅Data skills and data-driven culture.

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Kuki tribe

👉The Kukis constitute one of several hill tribes within India, Bangladesh, and Myanmar.

👉In Northeast India, they are present in all states except Arunachal Pradesh.

👉Some fifty tribes of Kuki peoples in India are recognised as scheduled tribes.

👉The first resistance to British hegemony by the Kuki people was the Kuki Rebellion of 1917-19 after which their territory was subjugated by the British and divided between the administrations of British India and British Burma.

👉Up until their defeat in 1919, the Kukis had been an independent people ruled by their chieftains.

👉The majority of Kukis are Christians. Traditionally, the Kukis were animists.

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P-8I Patrol Aircraft

👉It is a long-range Maritime Reconnaissance and Anti-Submarine Warfare Aircraft.

👉It is an Indian variant of the P-8A Poseidon aircraft that Boeing company developed as a replacement for the US Navy’s ageing P-3 fleet.

👉With a maximum speed of 907 kmph and an operating range of over 1,200 nautical miles, the P-8Is detect threats and neutralize them if required, far before they come anywhere near Indian shores.

👉The Indian Navy became the first international customer for the P-8 aircraft in 2009.

👉The Navy had procured eight P-8Is under a USD 2.2 billion deal in 2009.

👉The aircraft are part of the 312A Naval Air Squadron based at Arakkonam in Tamil Nadu.

👉In 2016, the Navy exercised the optional clause for four more P-8Is in a deal worth over USD 1 billion.

👉Further in May 2021, the US State Department approved the possible sale of six additional P-8I aircraft and related equipment, to India.

👉The six P-8Is will come installed with encrypted communication systems since India has now signed the foundational agreement Communications Compatibility and Security Agreement (COMCASA) with the US.

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Razzaza Lake

👉Iraq’s Razzaza Lake was once a tourist attraction known for its beautiful scenery and an abundance of fish that locals depended on.

👉Now, dead fish litter its shores and the once-fertile lands around it have turned into a barren desert.

👉Razzaza Lake, also known as Lake Milh, Arabic for Salt Lake, is located in Iraq.

👉It is the second-largest lake in Iraq and is part of a wide valley that includes the lakes of Habbaniyah, Tharthar and Bahr al-Najaf.

👉The lake was constructed as a measure to control floods in the Euphrates and to be used as a huge reservoir for irrigation purposes.

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Fair and Remunerative Price (FRP)

👉FRP is the price declared by the government, which mills are legally bound to pay to farmers for the cane procured from them.

👉Mills have the option of signing an agreement with farmers, which would allow them to pay the FRP in instalments.

👉Delays in payment can attract an interest up to 15% per annum, and the sugar commissioner can recover unpaid FRP as dues in revenue recovery by attaching properties of the mills.

👉The payment of FRP across the country is governed by the Sugarcane Control order, 1966 issued under the Essential Commodities Act (ECA), 1955 which mandates payment within 14 days of the date of delivery of the cane.

👉It has been determined on the recommendation of the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP) and announced by the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA).

👉The FRP is based on the Rangarajan Committee report on reorganising the sugarcane industry.


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Karakattam Dance

👉Karakattam is a form of folk dance performed at festivals, conferences, roadshows and primarily at Mariamman festivals.

👉 It is one of the many creative traditions that owe their existence to Mariamman, the rain goddess.

👉While the dance form is not dying, it has undergone radical change and adaptation in recent years.

👉Karakattam and agriculture have a link. It is because the Mariamman pooja is held in the month of Medam after Makarakoythu (harvest season) in Kerala,

👉Mariamman is considered to be the goddess of the rain.

👉Karakattam is mostly famous in Tamil Nadu, it’s performed in different parts of Kerala as well.

❇️Characteristics:

✅Karakattam performances are characterised by a lot of swaying movements and joyous banter.

✅It requires a lot of practice and dedication. Three tiers of flower arrangements of different colours sit on top of a container filled to the brim with either water, rice, or soil.
All of this is balanced on the head of a Karakattam dancer while he or she dances.”

✅Other highlights include blowing fire, inserting needles into eyes, and keeping balance while holding a bottle parallel to the ground on the performer’s back.


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