No.he is not subjected to sentence.b/c article 23 of the fdre constitution
አለሕግAleHig ️
I am 11student & I want to ask you question. the question is abebe was sentenced for 20 years in prison for killing kebede.after he had completed his sentence he met kebede on the way. He was very surprised for getting kebede alive he immediately killed kebede…
No.he is not subjected to sentence.b/c article 23 of the fdre constitution
I am doing my LLB thesis now, titled with . Setting Precedent under Article 6(1) of the CPC: Analysis of the Decision of the Cassation Division of the Federal Supreme Court-Focus on the Element of “Appeal”
.... the decree or the order from which appeal lies but from which no appeal is preferred...."( Art. 6(1) of CPC. this is the phrase i am doing my research now.
on this point the cassation overruled its previous decision( File NO 16624) with new one( File NO 43821). therefore, i beg you to help me to share Federal higher or lower courts decision with regard Article 6(1) of the civil procedure code(review of judgement) which contradicts or re affirms the current position of the cassation on the point at hand which will help me to examine the current application of the cassation division decision by federal higher and lower courts.
if you have file No only tell me which court entertained it to get it the hard copy.
thank you!
.... the decree or the order from which appeal lies but from which no appeal is preferred...."( Art. 6(1) of CPC. this is the phrase i am doing my research now.
on this point the cassation overruled its previous decision( File NO 16624) with new one( File NO 43821). therefore, i beg you to help me to share Federal higher or lower courts decision with regard Article 6(1) of the civil procedure code(review of judgement) which contradicts or re affirms the current position of the cassation on the point at hand which will help me to examine the current application of the cassation division decision by federal higher and lower courts.
if you have file No only tell me which court entertained it to get it the hard copy.
thank you!
M Boss:
If you have the new administrative proclamation draft.please send me now
Mohammed N. From AMU
If you have the new administrative proclamation draft.please send me now
Mohammed N. From AMU
Forwarded from ሕግ ቤት
እስኪ ወደ ዝርዝር እንግባ እና እንደኔ በፍጥነት ለመጀመር ያክል የሚከተሉት ስራዎች ብንሰራ፦
1. ስለ exit exam ቀን የሁሉም ዩኒቨርስቲዎች ሁኔታ ግምት ውስጥ ያስገባ በኛ በህግ ተማሪዎች በኩል Reasonable Time fix አድርገን በቅርቡ ለሚካሄደው የኮንሰርትየም ስብሰባ ማቅረብ።
2. ባለፈው ኮንፈረንስ ላይ ከቀረቡ ጥሩ ጥሩ ልምዶች ወደየ ዩኒቨርስቲው association/ union ወስዶ ወደ ተግባር መግባት።
3. Advisory Committee የራሱ የሆነ group ፈጥሮ ከዚህ group የሚነሱ ሀሳቦች ያካተተ የማማከር ስራ ቢጀምር።
ሓበን ጠ.
ከመቀለ ዩ.
1. ስለ exit exam ቀን የሁሉም ዩኒቨርስቲዎች ሁኔታ ግምት ውስጥ ያስገባ በኛ በህግ ተማሪዎች በኩል Reasonable Time fix አድርገን በቅርቡ ለሚካሄደው የኮንሰርትየም ስብሰባ ማቅረብ።
2. ባለፈው ኮንፈረንስ ላይ ከቀረቡ ጥሩ ጥሩ ልምዶች ወደየ ዩኒቨርስቲው association/ union ወስዶ ወደ ተግባር መግባት።
3. Advisory Committee የራሱ የሆነ group ፈጥሮ ከዚህ group የሚነሱ ሀሳቦች ያካተተ የማማከር ስራ ቢጀምር።
ሓበን ጠ.
ከመቀለ ዩ.
ሰላም በያላችሁበት......
ሃበን....ከመቀሌ. ዩ.
ልክ ነህ ግን፡፡ በዚህ አሁን ባለን አቋም ምንም አይነት ስራ መስራት አንችልም ብዬ አምናለሁ፡፡ከላይ ካስቀመጥካቸው ነጥቦች ውስጥ በዋናነት ባለፈው በነበርን ውይይት የልምድ ልውውጦቾን በመውሰድ የሌሉንን እንዲኖሩን ለማድረግ እንችል ይሆናል፡፡በሌሎቹ ነጥቦች ዙሪያ ግን መቅደም ያለበዥ ጉዳይ አለ ፡፡የህብረቱ የስራ እ/ሴና ይዘት በግልፅ ሊታወቅ ይገባል ለዚህም የረቂቅ ዝግጅትና መመሪያውን በመተርጎም ህጋዊ ሰውነት ሊያገኝ የሚችልበት ሁኔታ መፈጠር አለበት ፡፡ከመግቢያና አላማ እስከ ተፈፃሚነት ወሰን ለሚመለከተው አካል በቅድሚያ ሊደርሰውና ሊያውቀው ይገባል ፡፡የተዋቀረው ስራ አስፈፃሚም የራሱ የሃላፊነት መጠንና ይዘት ሊገለፅለት ይገባል ፡፡አለበለዚያ እየገባን ምን እንስራ አይነት ልመና እንጀምራለን እንደፈለግን ያሻንን ሃሳብ እየመረጥን ቢሆንስ እያልን ለመቀጠል እንገደዳለን፡፡መመሪያና ደንብም ያስፈለገው ይህ አይነት ክፍተት እንዳይፈጠር ከተፈጠረም ለመሙላት ነው፡፡ምን እንስራ ለማለት ቅድሚያ የመዋቅራዊ አሰራሩ ከመመሪያና ደንቡጋ ተዋህዷል ወይ የሚለው መረጋገጥ አለበት፡፡ከዛም በወሰደው ሃላፊነት ልክ እንዲሰራ ይገደዳል ለተጠያቂነትም ለጠያቂነትም ምቾትን ይፈጥራል፡፡
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በተደጋጋሚ እንደገለፅኩት የadvisor ኮሚቴዎችም የሰራቸው ሁኔታ በግልፅ ሊታወቅ ይገባል፡፡የተሻሉ ሃሳቦችን ለማምጣት ሊታይ የሚችል ስራ ለመስራት የሚያስችል ስልት ሲዘረጋ ብቻ ነው የሚሰራው፡፡ከዛ ውጪ በሃሳብ ልውውጥ ብቻ ይቀራል፡፡
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በሌላ መልኩ የexit exam ጉዳይን በተመለከተ አሳሳቢ ቢሆንም መሰረታዊ መዋቅራችን ተስተካክሎ "እኛ"ብለን ለመናገር የሚያስችል አቅም ከሌለን ተፅእኖ መፍጠር አንችልም፡፡የመናገር እድሉን ስላገኘነው ብቻ ተናግረን ለማለፍ ካልሆነ በስተቀር እንጅ፡፡
ይሄ እንዳለ ሆኖ በቅድሚያ፡-
1ኛ፡የህብረቱ መመሪያና ደንብ ተተርጉሞ ግልፅ ሊሆን ቢችል፡- ጥቅሙ...የተዋቀረው ስራ አስፈፃሚ የሃላፊነት ወሰኑን አውቆ ባለበትና በቻለው መጠን የበኩሉን ድርሻ እንዲወጣ ስለሚያደርገው
2ኛ፡የተዋቀረው ስራ አስፈፃሚ የህብረቱን ህጋዊ ሰውነት ዳር ማድረስ ቢችል ማለትም አንድ ወጥ የሆነ አቋም እንዲኖረውና ለተቋቋመበት አላማ ለስራው እ/ሴ ምቹ ሁኔታን ስለሚፈጥር......ከተጠሪቱ እስከ አጋራ አካላቶቹ ከግንኙነት ወሰኑ እስከ ጠቅላላ የስራ እ/ሴዎቹና ተያያዥ ጉዳዮች መቋጫ ስለሚያስገኝ
3ኛ፡የአጭር ጊዜ የስራ እቅድ ማዘጋጀት.....ይህም ማንኛችንም እንደፈለግን እንዳንሄድና በተመረጡና በተመጠኑ እቅዶች እንድንቀሳቀስ ስለሚያስገድደን ወዳውም ለምንሰራው ስራ ተጠያቂነትን የሚያሰፍን ግልፀኝነትን የሚያመጣና የሚታይ ስራ ለመስራት ስለሚያግዝ በሌላ መልኩ ደግሞ ሁሌም የጠባቂነት መንፈስ ይዞን በቸልተኝነት እንዳንተኛ ሲያደርገንና ስራዎቻችነን የበለጠ ቀና እና ውጤታማ ስለሚያደርገን፡፡አለበለዚያ አድስ ሃሳብ ሲመጣልን ለምን ይሄን አንሰራም እያልን የቅንጅት ስራ ሳይሆን የፍላጎት ብቻ ይሆናል፡፡
4ኛ፡ የህብረቱን የበጀት አቅም ግንባታ ለማሳደግ የሚረዳ የፋይናንስ ስትራቴጂ መንደፍ.....መቼም ቢሆን ይህን የሚያክል አገራዊ ህብረት ፈጥረን በይሁንታና በልመና በየቢሮው እየዞርን ለዝግጅት ስንፈልግ ልንሰቃይ አይገባም፡፡አንድም በጀት ከሌለው ንቀትን ያመጣል ሁለትም በተሳታፊዎች ዘንድ የሞራል ውድቀትን ያስከትላል በሌላ መልኩ ህብረቱ ህልውናውን ያጣል፡፡በመሆኑም ከአጋራ አካላት ጀምሮ እስከ መደበኛ አባላት ድረስ የሚያስተዳድርና የሚመራ ብሎም የበጀት አቅምን ሊያሳድግ የሚያስችል ረቂቅ ቢዘጋጅ፡፡ይህ መሆን ካልቻለ ግን መዳረሻችን ግልፅ ነው ተስፋ ካልቆረጥን በየቢሮው በመዞን ደጅ መጥናት ካልሆነ ደግሞ ህብረቱ ይፈርሳል፡፡የምናስባቸው ትልልቅ ሃሳቦች የሚራመዱት በፋይናንስ ነው የ፡ስራ አስፈፃሚው እንደ ልቡ ሮጦ ጉዳዮችን የሚያስፈፅመው በዚሁ ፋይናንስ ነው ተገናኝቶ ለማውራትም ብቻ አጠቃላይ እ/ሴያችን ካለን እውቀት ባለፈ እንደውም ከዛም በላይ የፋይናንስ አቅም ሲኖረን ነውና ቢታሰብበት፡፡
5ኛ፡የመወያያ አጀንዳዎችን በመምረጥና በማዘጋጀት መወያየት ቢቻል....ገንቢና አዳድስ ሃሳቦችን ለመሰብሰብ ስለሚያግዝ ወዳውም አንድነታችንን ስለሚያጠናክር......
መልካም ጊዜ
#አህመድ.M.
ከአርባ ምንጭ
ሃበን....ከመቀሌ. ዩ.
ልክ ነህ ግን፡፡ በዚህ አሁን ባለን አቋም ምንም አይነት ስራ መስራት አንችልም ብዬ አምናለሁ፡፡ከላይ ካስቀመጥካቸው ነጥቦች ውስጥ በዋናነት ባለፈው በነበርን ውይይት የልምድ ልውውጦቾን በመውሰድ የሌሉንን እንዲኖሩን ለማድረግ እንችል ይሆናል፡፡በሌሎቹ ነጥቦች ዙሪያ ግን መቅደም ያለበዥ ጉዳይ አለ ፡፡የህብረቱ የስራ እ/ሴና ይዘት በግልፅ ሊታወቅ ይገባል ለዚህም የረቂቅ ዝግጅትና መመሪያውን በመተርጎም ህጋዊ ሰውነት ሊያገኝ የሚችልበት ሁኔታ መፈጠር አለበት ፡፡ከመግቢያና አላማ እስከ ተፈፃሚነት ወሰን ለሚመለከተው አካል በቅድሚያ ሊደርሰውና ሊያውቀው ይገባል ፡፡የተዋቀረው ስራ አስፈፃሚም የራሱ የሃላፊነት መጠንና ይዘት ሊገለፅለት ይገባል ፡፡አለበለዚያ እየገባን ምን እንስራ አይነት ልመና እንጀምራለን እንደፈለግን ያሻንን ሃሳብ እየመረጥን ቢሆንስ እያልን ለመቀጠል እንገደዳለን፡፡መመሪያና ደንብም ያስፈለገው ይህ አይነት ክፍተት እንዳይፈጠር ከተፈጠረም ለመሙላት ነው፡፡ምን እንስራ ለማለት ቅድሚያ የመዋቅራዊ አሰራሩ ከመመሪያና ደንቡጋ ተዋህዷል ወይ የሚለው መረጋገጥ አለበት፡፡ከዛም በወሰደው ሃላፊነት ልክ እንዲሰራ ይገደዳል ለተጠያቂነትም ለጠያቂነትም ምቾትን ይፈጥራል፡፡
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በተደጋጋሚ እንደገለፅኩት የadvisor ኮሚቴዎችም የሰራቸው ሁኔታ በግልፅ ሊታወቅ ይገባል፡፡የተሻሉ ሃሳቦችን ለማምጣት ሊታይ የሚችል ስራ ለመስራት የሚያስችል ስልት ሲዘረጋ ብቻ ነው የሚሰራው፡፡ከዛ ውጪ በሃሳብ ልውውጥ ብቻ ይቀራል፡፡
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በሌላ መልኩ የexit exam ጉዳይን በተመለከተ አሳሳቢ ቢሆንም መሰረታዊ መዋቅራችን ተስተካክሎ "እኛ"ብለን ለመናገር የሚያስችል አቅም ከሌለን ተፅእኖ መፍጠር አንችልም፡፡የመናገር እድሉን ስላገኘነው ብቻ ተናግረን ለማለፍ ካልሆነ በስተቀር እንጅ፡፡
ይሄ እንዳለ ሆኖ በቅድሚያ፡-
1ኛ፡የህብረቱ መመሪያና ደንብ ተተርጉሞ ግልፅ ሊሆን ቢችል፡- ጥቅሙ...የተዋቀረው ስራ አስፈፃሚ የሃላፊነት ወሰኑን አውቆ ባለበትና በቻለው መጠን የበኩሉን ድርሻ እንዲወጣ ስለሚያደርገው
2ኛ፡የተዋቀረው ስራ አስፈፃሚ የህብረቱን ህጋዊ ሰውነት ዳር ማድረስ ቢችል ማለትም አንድ ወጥ የሆነ አቋም እንዲኖረውና ለተቋቋመበት አላማ ለስራው እ/ሴ ምቹ ሁኔታን ስለሚፈጥር......ከተጠሪቱ እስከ አጋራ አካላቶቹ ከግንኙነት ወሰኑ እስከ ጠቅላላ የስራ እ/ሴዎቹና ተያያዥ ጉዳዮች መቋጫ ስለሚያስገኝ
3ኛ፡የአጭር ጊዜ የስራ እቅድ ማዘጋጀት.....ይህም ማንኛችንም እንደፈለግን እንዳንሄድና በተመረጡና በተመጠኑ እቅዶች እንድንቀሳቀስ ስለሚያስገድደን ወዳውም ለምንሰራው ስራ ተጠያቂነትን የሚያሰፍን ግልፀኝነትን የሚያመጣና የሚታይ ስራ ለመስራት ስለሚያግዝ በሌላ መልኩ ደግሞ ሁሌም የጠባቂነት መንፈስ ይዞን በቸልተኝነት እንዳንተኛ ሲያደርገንና ስራዎቻችነን የበለጠ ቀና እና ውጤታማ ስለሚያደርገን፡፡አለበለዚያ አድስ ሃሳብ ሲመጣልን ለምን ይሄን አንሰራም እያልን የቅንጅት ስራ ሳይሆን የፍላጎት ብቻ ይሆናል፡፡
4ኛ፡ የህብረቱን የበጀት አቅም ግንባታ ለማሳደግ የሚረዳ የፋይናንስ ስትራቴጂ መንደፍ.....መቼም ቢሆን ይህን የሚያክል አገራዊ ህብረት ፈጥረን በይሁንታና በልመና በየቢሮው እየዞርን ለዝግጅት ስንፈልግ ልንሰቃይ አይገባም፡፡አንድም በጀት ከሌለው ንቀትን ያመጣል ሁለትም በተሳታፊዎች ዘንድ የሞራል ውድቀትን ያስከትላል በሌላ መልኩ ህብረቱ ህልውናውን ያጣል፡፡በመሆኑም ከአጋራ አካላት ጀምሮ እስከ መደበኛ አባላት ድረስ የሚያስተዳድርና የሚመራ ብሎም የበጀት አቅምን ሊያሳድግ የሚያስችል ረቂቅ ቢዘጋጅ፡፡ይህ መሆን ካልቻለ ግን መዳረሻችን ግልፅ ነው ተስፋ ካልቆረጥን በየቢሮው በመዞን ደጅ መጥናት ካልሆነ ደግሞ ህብረቱ ይፈርሳል፡፡የምናስባቸው ትልልቅ ሃሳቦች የሚራመዱት በፋይናንስ ነው የ፡ስራ አስፈፃሚው እንደ ልቡ ሮጦ ጉዳዮችን የሚያስፈፅመው በዚሁ ፋይናንስ ነው ተገናኝቶ ለማውራትም ብቻ አጠቃላይ እ/ሴያችን ካለን እውቀት ባለፈ እንደውም ከዛም በላይ የፋይናንስ አቅም ሲኖረን ነውና ቢታሰብበት፡፡
5ኛ፡የመወያያ አጀንዳዎችን በመምረጥና በማዘጋጀት መወያየት ቢቻል....ገንቢና አዳድስ ሃሳቦችን ለመሰብሰብ ስለሚያግዝ ወዳውም አንድነታችንን ስለሚያጠናክር......
መልካም ጊዜ
#አህመድ.M.
ከአርባ ምንጭ
አዣድቶኤል:
ሰላም አለ ?በአፈፃፀም ጊዜ ስለሚቀርብ የቀደምትነት መብት በተመለከተ መደረግ ስላለባቸው ነገሮች ኮሜንታሪ ወይም የግል ሃሳብ ካለህ ? አመሰግንሃለሁ
ሰላም አለ ?በአፈፃፀም ጊዜ ስለሚቀርብ የቀደምትነት መብት በተመለከተ መደረግ ስላለባቸው ነገሮች ኮሜንታሪ ወይም የግል ሃሳብ ካለህ ? አመሰግንሃለሁ
አመልካች በተጠሪ ላይ ጋብቻ ሳንፈፅም እንደ ባልና ሚስት በመኖር የተፈራ የጋራ ንብረት ልካፈል ሲሉ ላቀረቡት አቤቱታ በፍ/ብ/ሥ/ሥ/ሕ/ቁ 234 መሰረት ተሟልቶ የቀረበ መልስ፤
የአመልካች አቤቱታ በአጭሩ
አመልካችና ተጠሪ ከሚያዚያ 4 ቀን 2003 ዓ.ም እስከ መስከረም 8 ቀን 2006 ዓ.ም ጋብቻ ሳንፈፅም እንደ ባልና ሚት ስንኖር በጋራ ያፈራናቸውን ንብረት አሁን ግንኙነታችንን መቀጠል ባለመቻላችን የተዘረዘሩትን ንብረቶች ግማሽ እንድካፈል ይወሰንልኝ የሚል ነው፡፡
የመጀመሪያ ደረጃ መቃወሚያ
እኔ እና አመልካቸ ስንኖር የነበረው አመልካች እንደሚሉት ጋብቻ ሳንፈፅም እንደ ባልና ሚስት ሳይሆን በወንድና በሴት ጓደኝነት ብቻ ነው፡፡ ስለሆነም አመልካች ለአቤቱታው መነሻ በሆነው ነገር ላይ መብት ወይም ጥቅም ያላቸው መሆኑን ስላላሳዩ በፍ/ብ/ሥ/ሥ/ሕ/ቁ 33/2/ መሰረት መዝገቡ እንዲዘጋልኝ በማክበር አመለክታሁ፡፡
መልስ
ከላይ የቀረበውን የመጀመሪያ ደረጃ መቃወሚያ ፍ/ቤቱ የማይቀበለው ከሆነ የሚከተለውን መልስ አቀርባለሁ፡፡ አመልካችና ተጠሪ እንደ ባልና ሚስት ኖራችኋል ቢባል እንኳን ግንኙነታችን የተቋረጠው ሐምሌ 08 ቀን 2004 ዓ.ም ነው፡፡ በመሆኑም ግንኙነቱ 3 ዓመ፣ት ያልሞላው በመሆኑ ያፈራነው የጋራ ንብረት የለም የተዘረዘሩት ንብረቶችም የግል ንብረቶቼ ናቸው፡፡ ከዚህ በተጨማሪ አመልካች በአቤቱታው ላይ ያስቀመጧቸው የንብረት ዝርዝሮች በሙሉ በግል ጥረቴ ያለ አመልካች ድጋፍ ያፈራኋቸው በመሆኑ የገራ ሊባሉ አይችሉም በዚህ ረገድ አመልካች የሚካፈሉት ንብረትም የለም፡፡
አመልካች ክቡር ፍ/ቤቱን የምጠይቀው ዳኝነት
በአመልካችና በተጠሪ መካከል ምንም አይነት ግንኙነት የሌለ በመሆኑ ተጠሪ ለአመልካች የሚያካፍሉት ንብረት የለም ተብሎ እንዲወሰንልኝ፣ በክሱ ምክንያት ለደረሰብኝ መጉላላት ተገቢው ወጪና ኪሳራ እንዲቆረጥልኝ በማክበር አመለክታለሁ፡፡
አንተ/አንቺ በዚህ ችሎት ዳኛ ብትሆን/ብትሆኚ ፍርድህ/ ፍርድሽ ምን ልሆን ይችላል ? ፍርዳችሁን በኢትዮጵያ ህግ አግባብነት ያለው መሆን አለበት ።
የአመልካች አቤቱታ በአጭሩ
አመልካችና ተጠሪ ከሚያዚያ 4 ቀን 2003 ዓ.ም እስከ መስከረም 8 ቀን 2006 ዓ.ም ጋብቻ ሳንፈፅም እንደ ባልና ሚት ስንኖር በጋራ ያፈራናቸውን ንብረት አሁን ግንኙነታችንን መቀጠል ባለመቻላችን የተዘረዘሩትን ንብረቶች ግማሽ እንድካፈል ይወሰንልኝ የሚል ነው፡፡
የመጀመሪያ ደረጃ መቃወሚያ
እኔ እና አመልካቸ ስንኖር የነበረው አመልካች እንደሚሉት ጋብቻ ሳንፈፅም እንደ ባልና ሚስት ሳይሆን በወንድና በሴት ጓደኝነት ብቻ ነው፡፡ ስለሆነም አመልካች ለአቤቱታው መነሻ በሆነው ነገር ላይ መብት ወይም ጥቅም ያላቸው መሆኑን ስላላሳዩ በፍ/ብ/ሥ/ሥ/ሕ/ቁ 33/2/ መሰረት መዝገቡ እንዲዘጋልኝ በማክበር አመለክታሁ፡፡
መልስ
ከላይ የቀረበውን የመጀመሪያ ደረጃ መቃወሚያ ፍ/ቤቱ የማይቀበለው ከሆነ የሚከተለውን መልስ አቀርባለሁ፡፡ አመልካችና ተጠሪ እንደ ባልና ሚስት ኖራችኋል ቢባል እንኳን ግንኙነታችን የተቋረጠው ሐምሌ 08 ቀን 2004 ዓ.ም ነው፡፡ በመሆኑም ግንኙነቱ 3 ዓመ፣ት ያልሞላው በመሆኑ ያፈራነው የጋራ ንብረት የለም የተዘረዘሩት ንብረቶችም የግል ንብረቶቼ ናቸው፡፡ ከዚህ በተጨማሪ አመልካች በአቤቱታው ላይ ያስቀመጧቸው የንብረት ዝርዝሮች በሙሉ በግል ጥረቴ ያለ አመልካች ድጋፍ ያፈራኋቸው በመሆኑ የገራ ሊባሉ አይችሉም በዚህ ረገድ አመልካች የሚካፈሉት ንብረትም የለም፡፡
አመልካች ክቡር ፍ/ቤቱን የምጠይቀው ዳኝነት
በአመልካችና በተጠሪ መካከል ምንም አይነት ግንኙነት የሌለ በመሆኑ ተጠሪ ለአመልካች የሚያካፍሉት ንብረት የለም ተብሎ እንዲወሰንልኝ፣ በክሱ ምክንያት ለደረሰብኝ መጉላላት ተገቢው ወጪና ኪሳራ እንዲቆረጥልኝ በማክበር አመለክታለሁ፡፡
አንተ/አንቺ በዚህ ችሎት ዳኛ ብትሆን/ብትሆኚ ፍርድህ/ ፍርድሽ ምን ልሆን ይችላል ? ፍርዳችሁን በኢትዮጵያ ህግ አግባብነት ያለው መሆን አለበት ።
አለሕግAleHig ️
EDITED PART I FINAL.doc
ለመጀመሪያው ጥያቄ የአለም አቀፍ ህጎች የህግ ምንጫቸው ብዙ ነው፡፡ለምሳሌ፡ስምምነት በዋዋነት የሚጠቀስ ነው( convention/treaty)....በሌላ መልኩ general principle,intr'n customry laws,judicial decission...ተጠቃሽ ናቸው እነዚህ ህጎች አንዱ ለአንዳቸው ቀዳሚ አይደሉም(there is no heirarchy)....
The Court, whose function it is to decide in accordance with international law such disputes as are submitted to it, shall apply:
international conventions, whether general or particular, establishing rules expressly recognized by the contesting states;
international custom, as evidence of a general practice accepted as law;
the general principles of law recognized by civilized nations;
Subject to the provisions of Article 59, judicial decisions and the teachings of the most highly qualified publicists of the various nations, as subsidiary means for the determination of rules of law.
2. This provision shall not prejudice the power of the Court to decide a case ex aequo et bono, if the parties agree thereto.
The first three sources are binding sources of international law, and the fourth source is not binding but rather persuasive as evidence of international law. As stated in Article 59, referred to in the article above, The decision of the Court has no binding force except between the parties and in respect of that particular case. This affirms that ICJ decisions are not binding on subsequent cases; there is no stare decisis in international law.
It is generally accepted that the sources of international law are listed in the ICJ statute in order of importance
Certain customs are of a higher order. They have been described by scholars as axiomatic or constitutional or fundamental. These are the background principles of the international system and they are treated differently from other customs. In the first place, it is not necessary to prove that they exist. It is assumed. Second, in fitting with their constitutional status, they stand somewhat above other laws in the international system.
The first such principle is State sovereignty. Many other background principles can be derived from sovereignty: the equality of States, consent as a basis for international obligation, and the right to territorial integrity. As explained previously, pacta sunt servanda is also a background principle of international law. It means simply that international agreements must be observed in good faith. Finally, there are certain principles that can be derived from the concern of the international community with peace and security.
Another category of higher order customs exists called jus cogens or peremptory norms. These are not constitutional principles but rather are fundamental for other reasons for moral reasons. Again, in the hierarchy of international laws, peremptory norms are at the top, taking precedence over other customs and over treaty law. Unfortunately, no one agrees as to what international norms are peremptory. Possible examples include the prohibition on the use of force, the principle of self-determination, and the prohibition against genocide, torture, slavery, piracy, and apartheid. The international community reacts to such things as colonialism or slavery or genocide with such shock and horror, with such unanimous disapproval, that it seems clear that the norm prohibiting them has become peremptory. Nonetheless, there is no test to determine whether a norm has become peremptory. How many States have to agree that a practice is horrible and shocking before this practice is prohibited according to peremptory norms? What if a few States hold out against international opinion? For example, consider how South Africa held out even after the rest of the international community had agreed that apartheid was a violation of a fundamental international norm.
It is not clear how these fundamental principles relate to one another or to other international laws. From the beginning there is a conflict between State sovereignty and pacta sunt servanda. Presumably, an absolutely sovereign State cannot be forced by an international body to observe its treaty obligations. To be sovereign is to be your own master; to sign treaties like the UN Charter is to give certain international bodies like the Security Council and the ICJ mastery over you. The SC may force you to comply with obligations to refrain
international conventions, whether general or particular, establishing rules expressly recognized by the contesting states;
international custom, as evidence of a general practice accepted as law;
the general principles of law recognized by civilized nations;
Subject to the provisions of Article 59, judicial decisions and the teachings of the most highly qualified publicists of the various nations, as subsidiary means for the determination of rules of law.
2. This provision shall not prejudice the power of the Court to decide a case ex aequo et bono, if the parties agree thereto.
The first three sources are binding sources of international law, and the fourth source is not binding but rather persuasive as evidence of international law. As stated in Article 59, referred to in the article above, The decision of the Court has no binding force except between the parties and in respect of that particular case. This affirms that ICJ decisions are not binding on subsequent cases; there is no stare decisis in international law.
It is generally accepted that the sources of international law are listed in the ICJ statute in order of importance
Certain customs are of a higher order. They have been described by scholars as axiomatic or constitutional or fundamental. These are the background principles of the international system and they are treated differently from other customs. In the first place, it is not necessary to prove that they exist. It is assumed. Second, in fitting with their constitutional status, they stand somewhat above other laws in the international system.
The first such principle is State sovereignty. Many other background principles can be derived from sovereignty: the equality of States, consent as a basis for international obligation, and the right to territorial integrity. As explained previously, pacta sunt servanda is also a background principle of international law. It means simply that international agreements must be observed in good faith. Finally, there are certain principles that can be derived from the concern of the international community with peace and security.
Another category of higher order customs exists called jus cogens or peremptory norms. These are not constitutional principles but rather are fundamental for other reasons for moral reasons. Again, in the hierarchy of international laws, peremptory norms are at the top, taking precedence over other customs and over treaty law. Unfortunately, no one agrees as to what international norms are peremptory. Possible examples include the prohibition on the use of force, the principle of self-determination, and the prohibition against genocide, torture, slavery, piracy, and apartheid. The international community reacts to such things as colonialism or slavery or genocide with such shock and horror, with such unanimous disapproval, that it seems clear that the norm prohibiting them has become peremptory. Nonetheless, there is no test to determine whether a norm has become peremptory. How many States have to agree that a practice is horrible and shocking before this practice is prohibited according to peremptory norms? What if a few States hold out against international opinion? For example, consider how South Africa held out even after the rest of the international community had agreed that apartheid was a violation of a fundamental international norm.
It is not clear how these fundamental principles relate to one another or to other international laws. From the beginning there is a conflict between State sovereignty and pacta sunt servanda. Presumably, an absolutely sovereign State cannot be forced by an international body to observe its treaty obligations. To be sovereign is to be your own master; to sign treaties like the UN Charter is to give certain international bodies like the Security Council and the ICJ mastery over you. The SC may force you to comply with obligations to refrain
from the use of force; the ICJ may judge that you have violated international law and must pay damages. For the same reason, there are conflicts between State sovereignty and jus cogens norms like the prohibition against torture. If a sovereign State wants to torture its citizens, who can say no? Many other such conflicts exist, for example between State sovereignty (i.e. territorial integrity) and the principle of self-determination (which some scholars deem to be jus cogens). The resolution of such conflicts is a long and complex matter that the student may consider on his or her own.
The so-called Lotus principle is not limited in application to questions of jurisdiction in national courts. (The subject of how international law issues are adjudicated in national courts will be taken up specifically in later chapters). Rather, the Lotus principle has been taken generally to mean that States have residual sovereignty or power in the absence of international law.
The so-called Lotus principle is not limited in application to questions of jurisdiction in national courts. (The subject of how international law issues are adjudicated in national courts will be taken up specifically in later chapters). Rather, the Lotus principle has been taken generally to mean that States have residual sovereignty or power in the absence of international law.
This is for 2nd question .........
Legal Aspect- According to 1933 of Mounte Vidoe Convention which deals with the right and duties of states.
There are four legal recognitions in which an entity should fulfill in order to get recognition as state this are 1.
Population- there must be permanent population which already has lived for long time in that territory. There
is no minimum number of population to be a state. 2. Defined Territory- Government should control permanent
substantial large area Human Right decision is not necessary there is no absolute consistency on border area
there are different space, land territory and costal areas. 3. Government- Combined population with territory.
It has two controlling aspects internal and external aspects the former is the internal sovereignty it has full right
to e.g. on the people and any other matter while the latter deals with the external sovereignty to deal with
foreign affairs. Why do we say effective government? Because it is necessary for a newly emerged state.
Government changes through time and the power may be lost permanently or temporarily, even if there is no
government the state will continue to live e.g. Somalia for 20, Ethiopia for 5 years Italian Envision. 4. CAPACITY
TO ENTER IN TO LEGAL RELATIONSHIP WITH OTHER STATES- according to this criteria two theories
developed DECLARATIVE AND CONSTITUTIVE. Declarative politicians believe that as long as the first
three are developed recognition should be given as state because it is already declared. Constitutive believe
that in addition to the first and third the state in order to be said a state it shall get recognition from other
countries. De Jure and De Facto the former means based on law which is clearly stated while the latter means
impliedly or by practice giving recognition.
Legal Aspect- According to 1933 of Mounte Vidoe Convention which deals with the right and duties of states.
There are four legal recognitions in which an entity should fulfill in order to get recognition as state this are 1.
Population- there must be permanent population which already has lived for long time in that territory. There
is no minimum number of population to be a state. 2. Defined Territory- Government should control permanent
substantial large area Human Right decision is not necessary there is no absolute consistency on border area
there are different space, land territory and costal areas. 3. Government- Combined population with territory.
It has two controlling aspects internal and external aspects the former is the internal sovereignty it has full right
to e.g. on the people and any other matter while the latter deals with the external sovereignty to deal with
foreign affairs. Why do we say effective government? Because it is necessary for a newly emerged state.
Government changes through time and the power may be lost permanently or temporarily, even if there is no
government the state will continue to live e.g. Somalia for 20, Ethiopia for 5 years Italian Envision. 4. CAPACITY
TO ENTER IN TO LEGAL RELATIONSHIP WITH OTHER STATES- according to this criteria two theories
developed DECLARATIVE AND CONSTITUTIVE. Declarative politicians believe that as long as the first
three are developed recognition should be given as state because it is already declared. Constitutive believe
that in addition to the first and third the state in order to be said a state it shall get recognition from other
countries. De Jure and De Facto the former means based on law which is clearly stated while the latter means
impliedly or by practice giving recognition.
Custom Element
1. The Objective Element- it’s the general practice or actual practice of state (its repeated action of the state)
this repeat ion is within a certain period of time.
2. Subjective Element- This means the former practice (objective) accepted by law, subjective is the
psychological element (opinion juris).
o As single precedent is not enough to establish International customary law (in principle)
exception instant customary law (driteo sontanise) repetition and time factor rejected a single
practice is enough.
Objective element Example:- official element statement of police by government (is made may in international
conference, on media ---- repeated, saying by government and also accepting a legal consequence.
Subjective- legal consequence states must only exhibit (show) a certain practice but also they must also believe
that the practice legally required.
Types of Custom
Religious General Custom
If a custom is general then all states in the world are bound by it.
Religion- states that in that region bound by it
Local- state in that local bound by it.
States that say no or say nothing during a time when the custom develop will be based by that custom.
1. The Objective Element- it’s the general practice or actual practice of state (its repeated action of the state)
this repeat ion is within a certain period of time.
2. Subjective Element- This means the former practice (objective) accepted by law, subjective is the
psychological element (opinion juris).
o As single precedent is not enough to establish International customary law (in principle)
exception instant customary law (driteo sontanise) repetition and time factor rejected a single
practice is enough.
Objective element Example:- official element statement of police by government (is made may in international
conference, on media ---- repeated, saying by government and also accepting a legal consequence.
Subjective- legal consequence states must only exhibit (show) a certain practice but also they must also believe
that the practice legally required.
Types of Custom
Religious General Custom
If a custom is general then all states in the world are bound by it.
Religion- states that in that region bound by it
Local- state in that local bound by it.
States that say no or say nothing during a time when the custom develop will be based by that custom.
A practice can be general even if its not universally accepted. E.g. The law of the sea. Costal State, Martial State,
land locked state. States that are land locked must have persistent objector if not it also applies on them. E.g.
The law of outer space- includes (moon) USA, Russia, China, went to the moon and the rule made by them will
be followed… persistent Objector … (continuous Objector).
If the state do notify keep silent this practice will apply to that state, by the principle of a conciseness - silence
is acceptance.
land locked state. States that are land locked must have persistent objector if not it also applies on them. E.g.
The law of outer space- includes (moon) USA, Russia, China, went to the moon and the rule made by them will
be followed… persistent Objector … (continuous Objector).
If the state do notify keep silent this practice will apply to that state, by the principle of a conciseness - silence
is acceptance.
Mark:
I'm mark from BDU, if u have pro/No.11/2006( Amhara national regional state courts), pls share me.
I'm mark from BDU, if u have pro/No.11/2006( Amhara national regional state courts), pls share me.
LSA . semera . bereket:
ምንድ ነው ግን 20012 ዓ.ም exit exam time still now fix አልተደረገም።ቶሎ solution አግኙለት እንጂ...
ምንድ ነው ግን 20012 ዓ.ም exit exam time still now fix አልተደረገም።ቶሎ solution አግኙለት እንጂ...