What are Kupffer cells responsible for?

Kupffer cells are resident liver macrophages and play a critical role in maintaining liver functions. Under physiological conditions, they are the first innate immune cells and protect the liver from bacterial infections.


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anatomy of liver and gallbladder
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Trypsin
a digestive enzyme that breaks down proteins in the small intestine. It is secreted by the pancreas in an inactive form, trypsinogen.

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Pentagastrin

Pentagastrin is a synthetic polypeptide that has effects like gastrin when given parenterally. It stimulates the secretion of gastric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor, and has been used as a diagnostic aid as the pentagastrin-stimulated calcitonin test. 

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the position for Endoscopy
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What are lozenges used for?

This product is used to temporarily help relieve symptoms such as sore throat, throat irritation, or cough (due to a cold, for example). It works by providing a cooling feeling and increasing saliva in the mouth.

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Urobilinogen
Urobilinogen is a colorless by-product of bilirubin reduction. It is formed in the intestines by bacterial action on bilirubin. About half of the urobilinogen formed is reabsorbed and taken up via the portal vein to the liver, enters circulation and is excreted by the kidney. 

Normal range

The normal urobilinogen concentration in urine ranges from 0.1-1.8 mg/dl (1.7-30 µmol/l), concentrations >2.0 mg/dl (34 µmol/l) are considered to be pathological. Urobilinogen does not occur in urine, unless bilirubin gets into the intestines.

What if urobilinogen is positive?

Positive urine urobilinogen test results may indicate liver diseases such as viral hepatitis, cirrhosis, liver damage due to drugs or toxic substances, or conditions associated with increased red blood cell destruction (hemolytic anemia).

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Fundoplication is a surgical procedure used to treat stomach acid reflux. During fundoplication, the top part of your stomach — called the fundus — is folded and sewn around the lower esophageal sphincter, a muscular valve at the bottom of your esophagus.
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bland diet

A bland diet includes foods that are soft, not very spicy, and low in fiber. If you are on a bland diet, you should not eat spicy, fried, or raw foods. You should not drink alcohol or drinks with caffeine in them. Your health care provider will tell you when you can start eating other foods again
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What is a T tube used for?
T Tube is a draining tube placed in the common bile duct after common bile duct (CBD) exploration with supra-duodenal choledochotomy. It provides external drainage of bile into a controlled route while the healing process of choledochotomy is maturing and the original pathology is resolving.
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3.2 Esophagogastric tamponade tubes are used to control bleeding from gastric or esophageal varices. The suction lumens allow the evacuation of accumulated blood from the stomach or esophagus and intermittent instillation of saline to help evacuate blood or clots.
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ch 48 session 1 part a:
I. Anatomy and Physiology
A. Functions of the gastrointestinal (GI) system
B. Mouth
C. Esophagus
D. Stomach
E. Small intestine
F. Pancreatic intestinal juice enzymes
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جهت ثبت نام در دوره صوتی فشرده کتاب ساندرز کامپرهنسیو در دایرکت پیام بدهید لطفا
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Cullen sign is a term used to describe a discoloration around the navel. It appears in the fatty tissue as swelling, bruising, and an unusual color. Cullen sign may be seen in patients with certain health conditions, such as: Pancreatitis , inflammation of the pancreas.

Grey Turner sign is a discoloration of the left flank associated with acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis.
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What is difference between diverticulosis and diverticulitis?

Diverticulosis occurs when small, bulging pouches (diverticula) develop in your digestive tract. When one or more of these pouches become inflamed or infected, the condition is called diverticulitis.

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