Context: Haryana State, Locals Reservation.

Beyond the question of legality, what is agged by such developments is the state of the economy, especially the labour economy. Rapid urbanisation and the agrarian situation are behind large-scale migration in search of employment. The real issue to address is the widespread disparities between urban and rural areas, between advanced States and backward ones.

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The three approaches to study Indian society and culture by the western scholars in Pre-Independent India.


1. Orientalist, 2. The missionary, and 3. Administrative

In my research paper “SOCIOLOGY AND HISTORY” some of the fundamental questions are How is the subject matter constituted and how it is constituted? What is the methodology and epistemology used?

Are there any similarities or differences between them?

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Shockingly, advertisements for even a handful of lower rung go­ vernment jobs attract an over­ whelming number of applications, leading at times to the withdrawal of such advertisements. In Sep­ tember 2021, news reports high­ lighted that among 18,000 appli­ cants for some 42 posts (peon, gardener and cook) in the Hima­ chal Pradesh secretariat, there were hundreds of doctorate and other postgraduate applicants. Earlier, in March 2021, more than 27,000 candidates with degrees such as BA, BSc, MA, MSc, MCom, MBA, engineering, etc. had ap­ plied for 13 positions for a peon’s job in the Panipat district court. Likewise, for 62 posts of messen­ gers in the Uttar Pradesh police, in August 2018, there were a total of 93,000 applicants; 3,700 were PhD holders and 50,000 were graduates. This particular job va­ cancy required an education level of Class V and the selection crite­ rion comprised a self­declaration that the candidate knew how to ride a bicycle.

Types of marriages

1. Endogamy refers to marriage within a unit – this could be a kin group, caste, or a group living in the same locality.
2. Exogamy refers to marriage outside the unit.
3. Polygyny is the practice of a man having several wives.
4. Polyandry is the practice of a woman having several husbands.

Eight forms of marriage

Here are the first, fourth, fifth and sixth forms of marriage from the Manusmriti:

First: The gift of a daughter, after dressing her in costly clothes and honouring her with presents of jewels, to a man learned in the Veda whom the father himself invites.
Fourth: The gift of a daughter by the father after he has addressed the couple with the text, “May both of you perform your duties together”, and has shown honour to the bridegroom.
Fifth: When the bridegroom receives a maiden, after having given as much wealth as he can afford to the kinsmen and to the bride herself, according to his own will.
Sixth: The voluntary union of a maiden and her lover ... which springs from desire ...