❇️ Causative Verbs in English: Let, Make, Have, Get, Help
افعال سببی

♦️ The English verbs let, make, have, get, and help are called causative verbs because they cause something else to happen.
افعال let, make, have, get و help را در زبان انگلیسی تحت نام افعال سببی می شناسیم. این افعال برای نشان اینکه شما باعث می شوید کسی کاری را برای شما انجام دهد استفاده می شوند.
Here are some specific examples of how causative verbs work in English sentences.
How to use causative verbs in English
شیوه ی استفاده از افعال سببی در زبان انگلیسی
🛑 LET = permit something to happen
فعل سببی let برای اجازه دادن کسی به انجام کاری استفاده می شود. به خاطر بسپارید که هیچگاه فعلی که بعد از let می آید در حال to+ verb نمی تواند باشد.
Grammatical structure:
• LET + PERSON/THING + VERB (base form)
Examples:
✅ I don’t let my kids watch violent movies.
✅ Mary’s father won’t let her adopt a puppy because he’s allergic to dogs.
✅ Our boss doesn’t let us eat lunch at our desks; we have to eat in the cafeteria.

👉 Remember: The past tense of let is also let; there is no change!
شکل گذشته let تغیر نمی کند.
Note: The verbs allow and permit are more formal ways to say “let.” However, with allow and permit, we use to + verb:
افعال allow و permit شکل رسمی تری نسبت به let را دارا می باشند و به همان معنی استفاده می شوند. بعد از فعل های allow و permit ساختار to+verb استفاده می شود.
✅ I don’t allow my kids to watch violent movies.
✅ Our boss doesn’t permit us to eat lunch at our desks.

🛑 MAKE = force or require someone to take an action
فعل سببی make به معنی مجبور کردن می باشد. بعد از این فعل شما نمی توانید از ساختار to+verb کنید.
Grammatical structure:
• MAKE + PERSON + VERB (base form)
Examples:
✅ After Ali broke the neighbor’s window, his parents made him pay for it.
✅ The teacher made all the students rewrite their papers, because the first drafts were not acceptable.
✅ You shouldn't make him do your homework.

🛑 HAVE = give someone else the responsibility to do something
فعل سببی have به معنی مسئولیت دادن می باشد. این فعل نیز همراه با فعل اصلی بدون to استفاده می شود.
Grammatical structure:
• HAVE + PERSON + VERB (base form)
Examples
✅ I’ll have my assistant call you to reschedule the appointment.
✅ The businessman had his secretary make copies of the report.

🛑 GET = convince/encourage someone to do something
فعل سببی get به معنی تشویق کردن و یا قانع کردن شخصی به انجام کاری می باشد. این فعل سببی همراه با ساختار to+verb استفاده می شود.
Grammatical structure:
• GET + PERSON + TO + VERB
Examples:
✅ How can we get all the employees to arrive on time?
✅ My husband hates housework; I can never get him to wash the dishes!
✅ I was nervous about eating sushi, but my brother got me to try it at a Japanese restaurant.

🛑 HELP = assist someone in doing something
فعل سببی help به معنی کمک کردن می باشد. این فعل در هر دو حالت همراه با to و بدون to می تواند استفاده شود.
Grammatical structure:
• HELP + PERSON + VERB (base form)
• HELP + PERSON + TO + VERB

After “help,” you can use “to” or not – both ways are correct. In general, the form without “to” is more common:
✅ He helped me carry the boxes.
✅ He helped me to carry the boxes.
✅ Reading before bed helps me relax.
✅ Reading before bed helps me to relax.

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❇️ Grammar

♦️ May / might

🛑 may
We can use 'may' to ask for permission.
می توانیم may را برای اجازه گرفتن استفاده کنیم.
✅ May I borrow your pen?
✅ May we think about it?
✅ May I go now?

We use 'may' to suggest something is possible.
ما MAY را برای نشان دادن احتمال نیز استفاده می کنیم.
✅ It may rain later today.
✅ I may not have time to do it today.
✅ Pete may come with us

🛑 might
We use 'might' to suggest a small possibility of something.
ما might برای نشان دادن احتمال استفاده می کنیم. در انگلیسی گفتاری might نسبت به may معمول تر است.
✅ She might be at home by now but it's not sure at all.
✅ It might rain this afternoon.
✅ I might not have time to go to the shops for you.
✅ I might not go.

👉 For the past, we use 'might have'.
برای نشان دادن احتمال در گذشته ما might have+ past participle را استفاده می کنیم.
✅ He might have tried to call while I was out.
✅ I might have dropped it in the street.

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❇️ Idiom

♦️ hold (all) the aces
به کسی در همه ی زمینه برتر بودن، نسبت به کسی برتری زیاد داشتن

👉 To be in a position of power or control over someone or something due to having all the advantages or resources.

✅ He's bigger than me, and stronger, and faster—he just holds all the aces.

✅ How can I advance in my career when my competitor holds all the aces?

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❇️ Idiom

♦️ throw one’s name in the hat
برای کاری و یا رقابتی نامزد شدن

👉 To submit one's own or someone else's name for consideration in a selection, such as a competition, application pool, election, etc.

✅ I'm thinking about throwing my name in the hat for class president!

✅ Just so you know, I threw your name in the hat for a chance to win an all-expenses-paid trip to Turkey.

✅ He announced today that he was throwing his name in the hat for the presidential election next year.

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❇️ Idioms and Their Meanings

• Absence makes the heart grow fonder
• Meaning: You love a person more when they are away.
• Brand spanking new
• Meaning: A new or unused object.
• Break a leg
• Meaning: To wish good luck.
• Cat bird seat
• Meaning: To be a vantage point.
• Chew the fat
• Meaning: To talk about unimportant things.
• Clear as bell
• Meaning: To be understood clearly.
• Cold Turkey
Meaning: To quit something abruptly and experience severe withdrawal symptoms.

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❇️ Phrasal verb

♦️ drop off
کسی یا چیزی را به جایی رساندن

👉 To take someone somewhere and leave

✅ When do I need to drop the kids off at soccer practice?

✅ I'll come to your house tonight and drop off your cake pan.

✅ I have to drop my sister off at work before I come over.

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❇️ Using "Like"

You probably know that the verb like can be followed by either the -ing form or by an infinitive.
فعل like می تواند همراه با شکل ing فعل و هم چنان to+ verb بیاید.
· I like going to the cinema
· I like to see all the latest movies.

👉 We use would like to to make polite offers and requests.
ما would like to را زمانی استفاده می کنیم که بخواهیم به صورت مودبانه چیزی را پیشنهاد داده و یا درخواست کنیم.
· Would you like to have lunch one day next week?
· I'd like to have your opinion.

👉 Used as a preposition, like often means 'similar' or 'typical'..
به عنوان یک حرف اضافه به معنی مشابه استفاده می شود.
· Like me, you probably are a bit shocked by his behaviour.
· What is Harry like? Is he conceited?
· You look like you need to sit down.
· I want to do something exciting - like bungee jumping.
· It is just like him to be late.

👉 In informal American English, like is used to mean 'as if'.
در انگلیسی غیر رسمی و گفتاری like به معنی مثل اینکه استفاده می شود.
· I feel like I am a princess.
· It was like I was back in the sixties.

👉 Don't confuse that with feel like meaning 'a desire to do someting'.
اما feel like اشتیاق برای انجام کاری استفاده می شود.
· I feel like going out for a meal.
· I don't feel like driving any more today.

👉 Unusually for a preposition, like can have the adverbs quite or rather in front of it.
زمانیکه like به عنوان یک حرف اضافه استفاده شود می تواند با قید هایی مانند quite و rather نیز استفاده شود.
· It is quite like old times.
· It is rather like it was before we had computers.

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عبارت هایی که با like می توانیم بسازیم.

🛑 Come when you like.
هر وقت بخواهی می توانی بیایی
· You are always welcome. Come when you like.

🛑 Do as you like.
هر طور می خواهی انجام بده. تصمیم با تو است
· It is entirely your choice. Do as you like.

🛑 Like this is used when you are demonstrating something.
برای بیان شیوه ی انجام یک کار می توانید استفاده نمایید
· You put the paper in here like this.

🛑 Eat like a horse means to eat in large quantities.
این عبارت برای بیان زیاد غذا خوردن استفاده می شود
· Kate eats like a horse but she never seems to put on any weight.

🛑 Feel like a million means that you feel really good.
این عبارت برای بیان اینکه به خاطر چیزی حال شما خیلی خوب است استفاده می شود
· I have found a great friend. I feel like a million.

🛑 Go like clockwork means that it happens without problems.
برای بیان اینکه کاری به خوبی انجام می شود استفاده می شود
· The launch of the new product went like clockwork.

🛑 Like a bat out of hell means very fast.
برای بیان اینکه چیزی یا کاری خیلی به سرعت انجام می شود استفاده می شود
· He drove like a bat out of hell. I was scared.

🛑 Like a fish out of water means that the person does not fit in at all.
برای بیان اینکه کسی اصلا به در کاری نمی خورد استفاده می شود
· He knows a lot about accounting but he is like a fish out of water in marketing.

🛑 If something sells like hot cakes, it sells really well.
برای بیان اینکه چیزی خیلی خوب به فروش می رود استفاده می شود
· The new iphone is selling like hot cakes.

🛑 If you go out like a light, you fall asleep immediately.
برای بیان اینکه کسی خیلی زود به خواب می رود استفاده می شود
· He was so tired that he went out like a light when he lay on the sofa.

🛑 If you sleep well, you sleep like a log.
به مفهوم خوب خوابیدن استفاده می شود
· I slept really well. I slept like a log.

🛑 If you watch like a hawk, you watch really closely.
به مفهوم با دقت مواظب و یا مراقب کسی بودن استفاده می شود
· I didn't trust him so I watched him like a hawk for the whole time he was here. He didn't do anything wrong.

🛑 If news spreads like wildfire, everybody hears it very quickly.
به معنی پخش شدن سریع خبر استفاده می شود
· Reports of their argument spread like wildfire through the company.

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❇️ Podcast 21

♦️ Question Word Followed by TO + Verb

He forgot how to start the engine.
I didn’t know where to go.
We couldn’t decide whether to sell the car.
He explained what to do.
She asked who to see about the problem.
I told her when to come.
Question words that are used in the pattern:
who what where when how whether

Most common verbs used in the pattern:
know understand remember forget
wonder decide ask explain show tell
I explained to him what he should do.
I explained to him what he was supposed to do.
I explained to him what to do.
They could not decide when they should end the party.
They could not decide when to end the party.
How do I know when I am supposed to take the chicken out of the oven?
How do I know when to take the chicken out of the oven?
Show me how I am supposed do this problem.
Show me how to do this problem.
I wonder where I should put this table.
I wonder where to put this table.
Tell me what I should do next.
Tell me what to do next.
She asked how high she should raise the window shade.
She asked how high to raise the window shade.
Do you understand where you are supposed to go for your next class?
Do you understand where to go for your next class?
He couldn’t remember who he was supposed call.
He couldn’t remember who to call.
He couldn’t remember whom he was supposed to call.
He couldn’t remember whom to call.
I think I know what I should tell my girlfriend.
I think I know what to tell my girlfriend.
Please show me how I should set the alarm on this clock.
Please show me how to set the alarm on this clock.
The recipe told me how much milk I should use.
The recipe told me how much milk to use.
Why should we wait any longer?
Why wait any longer?
What is the sense in buying so many bananas?
Why buy so many bananas?
Why should we walk if we can take the bus?
Why walk if we can take the bus?
Let’s talk to him tomorrow instead of today.
Why not talk to him tomorrow instead of today?
Let’s get an order of fried clams and share it.
Why not get an order of fried clams and share it?
We should tell him what we really think.
Why not tell him what we really think?

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TOEFL Vocabulary (difficult)

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