2. INTRODUCTION • A waste can be defined as any unwanted and useless material. • The waste can be either solid, liquid or gaseous. • Solid Waste in general can be defined as ‘As a material which has negligible value to the producer and there is no direct consumption of the generated waste’. • It is generated due to various activities that can be residual and commercial, agricultural, etc. • Whatever the origin, content or hazard potential is, solid waste must be managed systematically to ensure environmental best practices.

3. SOURCES • There are many sources of solid wastes such as : • Municipal solid waste – street sweeping, sewage treatment plant waste, waste from schools and other institution. • Domestic waste – Garbage, rubbish, paints, paper, glasses, old toys, old clothes, spoiled food, etc. • Commercial waste – From different stores and offices. • Mining – From coal mining, strip mining, etc. • Agricultural waste – Fertilizers and pesticide containers, organic waste, etc. • Hospital waste – Disposable syringes, swabs, body fluids, bandages, etc. • Industrial waste – solvents, resins, metals, plastics, rubber, leather, abrasives, sludge's, etc. • E waste – Waste like wires, circuits, mobile phones etc.

4. EFFECTS • Solid waste changes properties of soil, air, and water causing pollution. • Solid waste produces foul smell, breeds insects and organism. • Leads to spread of many diseases, infections, etc affecting human and animal population. • Harmful chemicals are released into the environment.

5. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT • Solid Waste Management is defined as the discipline associated with control of generation, storage, collection, transport or transfer, processing and disposal of solid waste materials. • Solid waste management includes planning, administrative, financial, engineering and legal functions in the process of solving problems arising from waste materials. • The primary goal of solid waste management is reducing and eliminating adverse impacts of waste materials on human health and environment to support economic development and superior quality of life.

6. Functional Elements of the Waste Management System • There are five functional components of the waste management system as outlined below: Waste generation Onsite handling, storage and processing Waste collection Waste transfer and transport Waste processing and recovery

7. SOLID WASTE TREATMENT • The processing methods available for management of solid waste includes : Segregation , Reduction, Reuse and Recycling, Chemical, Biological And Thermal Conversion, etc. 1. SEGREGATION • Segregation or Waste sorting is the process by which waste is separated into different elements. • Waste segregation means dividing waste into dry and wet. • Waste can also be segregated as 1. Biodegradable 2. No biodegradable

8. 2. REDUCE, REUSE AND RECYCLE • Reduction is the most important strategy of the three Rs. It focus on the source of the waste, or where the waste is originally coming from. Source reduction is carried out when products are designed, manufactured, packaged, and used in a way that limits the amount or toxicity of waste created. • The second most important strategy of the three Rs is to Reuse, which is when an item is cleaned and the materials are used again. Advantages of reuse : Reduced disposal needs and costs. Energy and raw material savings. • The third R in the hierarchy is Recycle, which means reprocessing of disposed material into new and useful products. Advantages of recycling : Saves energy Conserves resources

9. 3. CHEMICAL PROCESSING • Chemical processing involves the chemical transformation or conversion of organic fraction of wastes into various useful compounds such as glucose, synthetic oils, gases, etc. • e.g. glucose is recovered from wastes containing cellulose (paper). 4. BIOLOGICAL PROCESSING • It involves processes like composting, anaerobic conversion, anaerobic fermentation and digestion.

• The products formed by these processes include compost, methane, various proteins, alcohols, and a wide variety of intermediate organic products.

10. A. COMPOSTING • It is controlled biological decomposition of organic matter, such as food and yard wastes, into humus. • Composting is the natural process of 'rotting' or decomposition of organic matter by microorganisms under controlled conditions. • It can be anaerobic and aerobic. • This process takes about 4 to 6 weeks. Benefits of composting : Provides nutrients to the soil. Increases beneficial soil organisms. Protects soil from erosion. Assists pollution remediation.

11. B. LANDFILLING • A landfill site is a site for the disposal of waste materials by burial and is the oldest form of waste treatment. • Waste is directly dumped into mining voids or borrow pits. Disposed waste is compacted and covered with soil. • Gases generated by the decomposing waste materials are often burnt to generate power. • Landfilling can be done by three methods : 1) Trench method 2) Area method 3) Ramp method

12. 1. TRENCH METHOD • The trench method consists of an excavated trench into which the solid wastes are spread, compacted and covered. • The trench method is best suited for nearly level land where the water table is not near the surface. 2. AREA METHOD • The area method is best suited for flat or gently sloping areas where some land depressions may exist. • The wastes are spread, compacted and then covered.

13. 3. RAMP METHOD • It is also know as depression method. • The slope or ramp is sometimes used in combination with the other two methods. The wastes are spread on an existing slope, compacted and covered. Advantages : Landfill site is a cheap waste disposal option. The gases given off by the landfill site could be collected and used for generating power. Lots of different types of waste can be disposed of by landfill in comparison to other waste disposal method. Disadvantages : Landfills can pollute air, water and also the soil. Landfill can contribute to the global warming.

14. C. INCINERATION • Incineration is a waste management technology that involves the combustion of organic materials and/or substances. • It is carried out at high temperature. • The waste material is converted into ash, flue gases, particulates and heat. • Types of incinerators : i. Moving grate ii. Fixed grate iii. Fluidized bed iv. Rotary kiln Advantages : Less space requirement. Hygienic process. Disadvantages : Expensive process. Special care required.

15. D. PYROLYSIS • Pyrolysis is a thermochemical decomposition of organic material at elevated temperatures in involves the simultaneous change of chemical composition and physical phase, and is irreversible. • External heat source is employed.it yields gaseous, liquid and solid fractions.

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