• The products formed by these processes include compost, methane, various proteins, alcohols, and a wide variety of intermediate organic products.

10. A. COMPOSTING • It is controlled biological decomposition of organic matter, such as food and yard wastes, into humus. • Composting is the natural process of 'rotting' or decomposition of organic matter by microorganisms under controlled conditions. • It can be anaerobic and aerobic. • This process takes about 4 to 6 weeks. Benefits of composting : Provides nutrients to the soil. Increases beneficial soil organisms. Protects soil from erosion. Assists pollution remediation.

11. B. LANDFILLING • A landfill site is a site for the disposal of waste materials by burial and is the oldest form of waste treatment. • Waste is directly dumped into mining voids or borrow pits. Disposed waste is compacted and covered with soil. • Gases generated by the decomposing waste materials are often burnt to generate power. • Landfilling can be done by three methods : 1) Trench method 2) Area method 3) Ramp method

12. 1. TRENCH METHOD • The trench method consists of an excavated trench into which the solid wastes are spread, compacted and covered. • The trench method is best suited for nearly level land where the water table is not near the surface. 2. AREA METHOD • The area method is best suited for flat or gently sloping areas where some land depressions may exist. • The wastes are spread, compacted and then covered.

13. 3. RAMP METHOD • It is also know as depression method. • The slope or ramp is sometimes used in combination with the other two methods. The wastes are spread on an existing slope, compacted and covered. Advantages : Landfill site is a cheap waste disposal option. The gases given off by the landfill site could be collected and used for generating power. Lots of different types of waste can be disposed of by landfill in comparison to other waste disposal method. Disadvantages : Landfills can pollute air, water and also the soil. Landfill can contribute to the global warming.

14. C. INCINERATION • Incineration is a waste management technology that involves the combustion of organic materials and/or substances. • It is carried out at high temperature. • The waste material is converted into ash, flue gases, particulates and heat. • Types of incinerators : i. Moving grate ii. Fixed grate iii. Fluidized bed iv. Rotary kiln Advantages : Less space requirement. Hygienic process. Disadvantages : Expensive process. Special care required.

15. D. PYROLYSIS • Pyrolysis is a thermochemical decomposition of organic material at elevated temperatures in involves the simultaneous change of chemical composition and physical phase, and is irreversible. • External heat source is employed.it yields gaseous, liquid and solid fractions.

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