Consider the following statements:
1. Chemical amendments can be used to reclaim acid soils.
2. High rainfall can lead to the leaching of cations and acid soil formation. Which of the above is/are correct.
1. Chemical amendments can be used to reclaim acid soils.
2. High rainfall can lead to the leaching of cations and acid soil formation. Which of the above is/are correct.
Anonymous Quiz
7%
Only 1
21%
Only 2
70%
Both 1 and 2
1%
None of the above
What is the estimated area of salt-affected soils in India?
Anonymous Quiz
27%
3.5 million hectares
50%
7.4 million hectares
14%
10 million hectares
8%
5.2 million hectares
अम्लीय मिट्टियों के पुनर्निर्माण का उपाय क्या है?
Anonymous Quiz
2%
नियमित फसल उत्पन्न
11%
मिट्टी का गहरा खेती
24%
कार्बनिक कम्पोस्ट का लागू करना
62%
चूना जैसे रासायनिक संशोधन जोड़ना
0. Syllabus and Lecture Schedule BAO 2024 (Agronomy)- Paper 2: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Wo8nWzQpMQ9R0YI18G-lwJVCIbS5oGE1ZCP7eeURnyo/edit?usp=sharing
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Methods of propagation for fruit crops in India.
Vegetative Propagation of Fruit Plants:
1. Cutting:
- Softwood Cuttings: Taken from young, actively growing shoots. Ideal for plants like grapes and pomegranates.
- Hardwood Cuttings: Collected from mature wood. Used for figs, guava, and mulberries.
- Semi-Hardwood Cuttings: Intermediate stage between softwood and hardwood. Suitable for citrus and apple.
- Leaf Cuttings: Leaves with petioles can be used for certain fruit crops like blackberries.
2. Layering:
- Simple Layering: Bury a low branch or shoot in the soil.
- Tip Layering: Bend the tip of a branch and bury it.
- Air Layering (Marcotting): Encourage roots on an aerial part of the plant.
- Stool Layering: Used for raspberry and blackberry.
3. Budding:
- T-Budding: T-shaped cut in the bark to insert the bud.
- Patch Budding: A rectangular patch of bark is removed to insert the bud.
- Chip Budding: A small chip of bud is inserted.
- Inverted T-Budding: Similar to T-budding but inverted.
4. Grafting:
- Whip-and-Tongue Grafting: Common for mango and guava.
- Cleft Grafting: Suitable for apple, pear, and peach.
- Side Grafting: Used for citrus.
- Bark Grafting: For figs and olives.
- Bridge Grafting: To repair damaged trees.
5. Specialized Organs:
- Epicotyl Grafting: Used for jackfruit and avocado.
- Runner Plantlets: Produced by strawberry and pineapple.
- Sucker Plantlets: Banana and pineapple.
- Offsets: Pineapple and date palm.
6. Micro Propagation:
- Shoot Tip Culture: Rapid multiplication of banana and sugarcane.
- Meristem Culture: Disease-free planting material.
- Embryo Culture: Used for citrus and ap
Vegetative Propagation of Fruit Plants:
1. Cutting:
- Softwood Cuttings: Taken from young, actively growing shoots. Ideal for plants like grapes and pomegranates.
- Hardwood Cuttings: Collected from mature wood. Used for figs, guava, and mulberries.
- Semi-Hardwood Cuttings: Intermediate stage between softwood and hardwood. Suitable for citrus and apple.
- Leaf Cuttings: Leaves with petioles can be used for certain fruit crops like blackberries.
2. Layering:
- Simple Layering: Bury a low branch or shoot in the soil.
- Tip Layering: Bend the tip of a branch and bury it.
- Air Layering (Marcotting): Encourage roots on an aerial part of the plant.
- Stool Layering: Used for raspberry and blackberry.
3. Budding:
- T-Budding: T-shaped cut in the bark to insert the bud.
- Patch Budding: A rectangular patch of bark is removed to insert the bud.
- Chip Budding: A small chip of bud is inserted.
- Inverted T-Budding: Similar to T-budding but inverted.
4. Grafting:
- Whip-and-Tongue Grafting: Common for mango and guava.
- Cleft Grafting: Suitable for apple, pear, and peach.
- Side Grafting: Used for citrus.
- Bark Grafting: For figs and olives.
- Bridge Grafting: To repair damaged trees.
5. Specialized Organs:
- Epicotyl Grafting: Used for jackfruit and avocado.
- Runner Plantlets: Produced by strawberry and pineapple.
- Sucker Plantlets: Banana and pineapple.
- Offsets: Pineapple and date palm.
6. Micro Propagation:
- Shoot Tip Culture: Rapid multiplication of banana and sugarcane.
- Meristem Culture: Disease-free planting material.
- Embryo Culture: Used for citrus and ap
### Mango Cultivation in India:
- Varieties:
- Alphonso
- Kesar
- Dasheri
- Langra
- Climate Requirements:
- Thrives in tropical and subtropical climates
- Temperature range: 24-30°C
- Soil Type:
- Well-drained loamy soil
- pH range: 5.5-7.5
- Planting Season:
- June to July
- Irrigation:
- Regular watering during dry periods
- Reduced watering during flowering
- Pruning:
- Remove dead or diseased branches
### Banana Cultivation in India:
- Varieties:
- Cavendish
- Robusta
- Poovan
- Nendran
- Climate Requirements:
- Grows well in tropical climates
- Optimal temperature: 27-30°C
- Soil Type:
- Well-drained soil with organic matter
- pH range: 6-7
- Planting Season:
- Throughout the year
- Irrigation:
- Regular watering, especially during fruiting
- Harvesting:
- Harvest when fruits are mature but still green
### Guava Cultivation in India:
- Varieties:
- Allahabad Safeda
- Lalit
- Lucknow 49
- Sardar
- Climate Requirements:
- Adaptable to a wide range of climates
- Thrives in subtropical regions
- Soil Type:
- Well-drained loamy soil
- pH range: 4.5-7
- Planting Season:
- June to August
- Irrigation:
- Regular watering during dry spells
- Pest Management:
- Control of fruit fly and scale insects
- Varieties:
- Alphonso
- Kesar
- Dasheri
- Langra
- Climate Requirements:
- Thrives in tropical and subtropical climates
- Temperature range: 24-30°C
- Soil Type:
- Well-drained loamy soil
- pH range: 5.5-7.5
- Planting Season:
- June to July
- Irrigation:
- Regular watering during dry periods
- Reduced watering during flowering
- Pruning:
- Remove dead or diseased branches
### Banana Cultivation in India:
- Varieties:
- Cavendish
- Robusta
- Poovan
- Nendran
- Climate Requirements:
- Grows well in tropical climates
- Optimal temperature: 27-30°C
- Soil Type:
- Well-drained soil with organic matter
- pH range: 6-7
- Planting Season:
- Throughout the year
- Irrigation:
- Regular watering, especially during fruiting
- Harvesting:
- Harvest when fruits are mature but still green
### Guava Cultivation in India:
- Varieties:
- Allahabad Safeda
- Lalit
- Lucknow 49
- Sardar
- Climate Requirements:
- Adaptable to a wide range of climates
- Thrives in subtropical regions
- Soil Type:
- Well-drained loamy soil
- pH range: 4.5-7
- Planting Season:
- June to August
- Irrigation:
- Regular watering during dry spells
- Pest Management:
- Control of fruit fly and scale insects
Package of practices of major fruits in India. Part 2
Papaya:
- Papaya is a tropical fruit crop that can be grown in a wide range of soils and climatic conditions¹.
- The recommended varieties of papaya for cultivation in India are Pusa Nanha, Pusa Majesty, Pusa Delicious, Coorg Honey Dew, Co-1, Co-2, Co-3, Co-4, Co-5, Co-6, Co-7, Surya, Red Lady, etc.¹²
- Papaya is propagated by seeds, which are extracted from fully ripe fruits and treated with 0.2% mercuric chloride solution for 5 minutes to prevent fungal diseases¹.
- Papaya plants are planted at a spacing of 1.8 x 1.8 m or 2 x 2 m in pits of 60 x 60 x 60 cm size, filled with a mixture of topsoil, farmyard manure and neem cake¹.
- Papaya requires regular irrigation, especially during summer and dry periods. Drip irrigation is the most efficient method of water application for papaya¹.
- Papaya is fertilized with 250 g of nitrogen, 125 g of phosphorus and 250 g of potassium per plant per year, applied in four equal splits at quarterly intervals¹.
- Papaya is prone to several pests and diseases, such as papaya ring spot virus, papaya mosaic virus, anthracnose, powdery mildew, fruit fly, mealy bug, etc. Integrated pest and disease management practices, such as use of resistant varieties, roguing, sanitation, pruning, spraying, trapping, etc. are recommended for papaya¹².
- Papaya fruits are harvested when they attain one-fourth to one-third yellow colour on the surface. The fruits are graded according to size and quality and packed in corrugated fibre board boxes for marketing¹.
Grape:
- Grape is a sub-tropical fruit crop that can be grown in a variety of soils, but well-drained sandy loam to clay loam soils with pH 6.5 to 8.0 are ideal³.
- The major varieties of grape grown in India are Thompson Seedless, Anab-e-Shahi, Bangalore Blue, Sharad Seedless, Flame Seedless, Perlette, Beauty Seedless, etc.³⁴
- Grape is propagated by hardwood cuttings, which are prepared from one-year-old canes and treated with rooting hormones, such as IBA or NAA³.
- Grape plants are planted at a spacing of 3 x 2 m or 3 x 3 m in pits of 60 x 60 x 60 cm size, filled with a mixture of topsoil, farmyard manure and superphosphate³.
- Grape requires frequent and light irrigation, especially during the initial stages of growth and development. Drip irrigation is the most suitable method of water application for grape³.
- Grape is fertilized with 500 g of nitrogen, 250 g of phosphorus and 750 g of potassium per plant per year, applied in three to four splits at different stages of growth³.
- Grape is susceptible to several pests and diseases, such as downy mildew, powdery mildew, anthracnose, botrytis rot, leaf hopper, thrips, mealy bug, etc. Integrated pest and disease management practices, such as use of resistant varieties, pruning, training, canopy management, spraying, etc. are recommended for grape³⁴.
- Grape fruits are harvested when they attain the desired size, colour and sugar content. The fruits are graded according to quality standards and packed in plastic crates or cardboard boxes for marketing³.
Litchi:
- Litchi is a subtropical fruit crop that can be grown in a range of soils, but well-drained loamy soils with pH 5.0 to 7.5 are preferred.
- The important varieties of litchi grown in India are Dehradun, Shahi, China, Rose Scented, Calcuttia, Early Large Red, etc.
- Litchi is propagated by air layering, which is done on one-year-old shoots during June-July.
- Litchi plants are planted at a spacing of 10 x 10 m or 12 x 12 m in pits of 1 x 1 x 1 m size, filled with a mixture of topsoil, farmyard manure and bone meal.
- Litchi requires adequate irrigation, especially during flowering and fruit development. Sprinkler or drip irrigation is recommended for litchi.
- Litchi is fertilized with 500 g of nitrogen, 250 g of phosphorus and 500 g of potassium per plant per year, applied in two splits, one after harvesting and another before flowering.
Papaya:
- Papaya is a tropical fruit crop that can be grown in a wide range of soils and climatic conditions¹.
- The recommended varieties of papaya for cultivation in India are Pusa Nanha, Pusa Majesty, Pusa Delicious, Coorg Honey Dew, Co-1, Co-2, Co-3, Co-4, Co-5, Co-6, Co-7, Surya, Red Lady, etc.¹²
- Papaya is propagated by seeds, which are extracted from fully ripe fruits and treated with 0.2% mercuric chloride solution for 5 minutes to prevent fungal diseases¹.
- Papaya plants are planted at a spacing of 1.8 x 1.8 m or 2 x 2 m in pits of 60 x 60 x 60 cm size, filled with a mixture of topsoil, farmyard manure and neem cake¹.
- Papaya requires regular irrigation, especially during summer and dry periods. Drip irrigation is the most efficient method of water application for papaya¹.
- Papaya is fertilized with 250 g of nitrogen, 125 g of phosphorus and 250 g of potassium per plant per year, applied in four equal splits at quarterly intervals¹.
- Papaya is prone to several pests and diseases, such as papaya ring spot virus, papaya mosaic virus, anthracnose, powdery mildew, fruit fly, mealy bug, etc. Integrated pest and disease management practices, such as use of resistant varieties, roguing, sanitation, pruning, spraying, trapping, etc. are recommended for papaya¹².
- Papaya fruits are harvested when they attain one-fourth to one-third yellow colour on the surface. The fruits are graded according to size and quality and packed in corrugated fibre board boxes for marketing¹.
Grape:
- Grape is a sub-tropical fruit crop that can be grown in a variety of soils, but well-drained sandy loam to clay loam soils with pH 6.5 to 8.0 are ideal³.
- The major varieties of grape grown in India are Thompson Seedless, Anab-e-Shahi, Bangalore Blue, Sharad Seedless, Flame Seedless, Perlette, Beauty Seedless, etc.³⁴
- Grape is propagated by hardwood cuttings, which are prepared from one-year-old canes and treated with rooting hormones, such as IBA or NAA³.
- Grape plants are planted at a spacing of 3 x 2 m or 3 x 3 m in pits of 60 x 60 x 60 cm size, filled with a mixture of topsoil, farmyard manure and superphosphate³.
- Grape requires frequent and light irrigation, especially during the initial stages of growth and development. Drip irrigation is the most suitable method of water application for grape³.
- Grape is fertilized with 500 g of nitrogen, 250 g of phosphorus and 750 g of potassium per plant per year, applied in three to four splits at different stages of growth³.
- Grape is susceptible to several pests and diseases, such as downy mildew, powdery mildew, anthracnose, botrytis rot, leaf hopper, thrips, mealy bug, etc. Integrated pest and disease management practices, such as use of resistant varieties, pruning, training, canopy management, spraying, etc. are recommended for grape³⁴.
- Grape fruits are harvested when they attain the desired size, colour and sugar content. The fruits are graded according to quality standards and packed in plastic crates or cardboard boxes for marketing³.
Litchi:
- Litchi is a subtropical fruit crop that can be grown in a range of soils, but well-drained loamy soils with pH 5.0 to 7.5 are preferred.
- The important varieties of litchi grown in India are Dehradun, Shahi, China, Rose Scented, Calcuttia, Early Large Red, etc.
- Litchi is propagated by air layering, which is done on one-year-old shoots during June-July.
- Litchi plants are planted at a spacing of 10 x 10 m or 12 x 12 m in pits of 1 x 1 x 1 m size, filled with a mixture of topsoil, farmyard manure and bone meal.
- Litchi requires adequate irrigation, especially during flowering and fruit development. Sprinkler or drip irrigation is recommended for litchi.
- Litchi is fertilized with 500 g of nitrogen, 250 g of phosphorus and 500 g of potassium per plant per year, applied in two splits, one after harvesting and another before flowering.
- Litchi is affected by several pests and diseases, such as litchi mite, litchi bug, fruit borer, bark eating caterpillar, anthracnose, leaf blight, fruit rot, etc. Integrated pest and disease management practices, such as use of resistant varieties, pruning, sanitation, spraying, etc. are recommended for litchi .
- Litchi fruits are harvested when they attain full size, colour and flavour. The fruits are graded according to size and quality and packed in bamboo baskets or plastic crates for marketing.
Sapota:
- Sapota is a tropical fruit crop that can be grown in a wide range of soils, but well-drained sandy loam to clay loam soils with pH 6.0 to 8.0 are suitable.
- The popular varieties of sapota grown in India are Cricket Ball, Kalipatti, Pala, Kirtibarti, Dwarapudi, PKM-1, PKM-2, PKM-3, etc.
- Sapota is propagated by patch budding or shield budding, which are done on seedlings raised from seeds of superior varieties.
- Sapota plants are planted at a spacing of 8 x 8 m or 10 x 10 m in pits of 1 x 1 x 1 m size, filled with a mixture of topsoil, farmyard manure and neem cake.
- Sapota requires moderate irrigation, especially during summer and dry periods. Basin or drip irrigation is advisable for sapota.
- Sapota is fertilized with 500 g of nitrogen, 250 g of phosphorus and 500 g of potassium per plant per year, applied in two splits, one before flowering and another after harvesting.
- Sapota is attacked by several pests and diseases, such as leaf webber, leaf miner, stem borer, fruit fly, scab, anthracnose, die back, etc. Integrated pest and disease management practices, such as use of resistant varieties, pruning, sanitation, spraying, etc. are recommended for sapota .
- Sapota fruits are harvested when they show signs of maturity, such as change in colour, softening of flesh and detachment from the pedicel. The fruits are graded according to size and quality and packed in wooden boxes or plastic crates for marketing.
- Litchi fruits are harvested when they attain full size, colour and flavour. The fruits are graded according to size and quality and packed in bamboo baskets or plastic crates for marketing.
Sapota:
- Sapota is a tropical fruit crop that can be grown in a wide range of soils, but well-drained sandy loam to clay loam soils with pH 6.0 to 8.0 are suitable.
- The popular varieties of sapota grown in India are Cricket Ball, Kalipatti, Pala, Kirtibarti, Dwarapudi, PKM-1, PKM-2, PKM-3, etc.
- Sapota is propagated by patch budding or shield budding, which are done on seedlings raised from seeds of superior varieties.
- Sapota plants are planted at a spacing of 8 x 8 m or 10 x 10 m in pits of 1 x 1 x 1 m size, filled with a mixture of topsoil, farmyard manure and neem cake.
- Sapota requires moderate irrigation, especially during summer and dry periods. Basin or drip irrigation is advisable for sapota.
- Sapota is fertilized with 500 g of nitrogen, 250 g of phosphorus and 500 g of potassium per plant per year, applied in two splits, one before flowering and another after harvesting.
- Sapota is attacked by several pests and diseases, such as leaf webber, leaf miner, stem borer, fruit fly, scab, anthracnose, die back, etc. Integrated pest and disease management practices, such as use of resistant varieties, pruning, sanitation, spraying, etc. are recommended for sapota .
- Sapota fruits are harvested when they show signs of maturity, such as change in colour, softening of flesh and detachment from the pedicel. The fruits are graded according to size and quality and packed in wooden boxes or plastic crates for marketing.
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## The package of practices of major vegetable crops in India
###Potato (Aloo):
- Potato is the most important vegetable crop in India, accounting for about 27% of the total vegetable production.
- Potato is a cool season crop and requires a temperature range of 15-20°C for optimum growth and yield.
- Potato is propagated by tubers, which are planted at a depth of 10-15 cm and a spacing of 45-60 cm between rows and 20-25 cm between plants.
- Potato requires a well-drained, sandy loam to clay loam soil with a pH of 5.5-6.5.
- Potato is susceptible to various pests and diseases, such as aphids, cutworms, potato tuber moth, late blight, early blight, black scurf, etc.
- Potato is harvested when the foliage starts to dry and the tubers attain the desired size and maturity.
- Potato is a rich source of carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, minerals and antioxidants.
###Tomato (Tamatar):
- Tomato is the second most important vegetable crop in India, accounting for about 12% of the total vegetable production.
- Tomato is a warm season crop and requires a temperature range of 20-30°C for optimum growth and yield.
- Tomato is propagated by seeds, which are sown in nursery beds and transplanted to the main field after 4-6 weeks.
- Tomato requires a well-drained, fertile, loamy soil with a pH of 6.0-7.0.
- Tomato is susceptible to various pests and diseases, such as whitefly, thrips, fruit borer, leaf miner, bacterial wilt, mosaic virus, leaf curl, etc.
- Tomato is harvested when the fruits attain the desired colour and ripeness, depending on the market preference.
- Tomato is a rich source of lycopene, a potent antioxidant that has anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory properties.
###Onion (Piaz):
- Onion is the third most important vegetable crop in India, accounting for about 11% of the total vegetable production.
- Onion is a biennial crop that is grown as an annual crop and requires a temperature range of 13-25°C for optimum growth and yield.
- Onion is propagated by seeds or bulbs, which are sown or planted at a depth of 2-3 cm and a spacing of 30-45 cm between rows and 10-15 cm between plants.
- Onion requires a well-drained, sandy loam to clay loam soil with a pH of 6.0-7.0.
- Onion is susceptible to various pests and diseases, such as onion thrips, onion maggot, onion fly, purple blotch, stemphylium blight, basal rot, etc.
- Onion is harvested when the tops fall over and the bulbs attain the desired size and dryness.
- Onion is a rich source of flavonoids, sulphur compounds, vitamin C and dietary fibre that have anti-microbial, anti-diabetic and anti-cholesterol effects.
###Brinjal (Baingan):
- Brinjal is the fourth most important vegetable crop in India, accounting for about 8% of the total vegetable production.
- Brinjal is a warm season crop and requires a temperature range of 24-30°C for optimum growth and yield.
- Brinjal is propagated by seeds, which are sown in nursery beds and transplanted to the main field after 6-8 weeks.
- Brinjal requires a well-drained, fertile, loamy soil with a pH of 6.5-7.5.
- Brinjal is susceptible to various pests and diseases, such as shoot and fruit borer, aphids, jassids, leaf hopper, wilt, blight, anthracnose, etc.
- Brinjal is harvested when the fruits attain the desired size, shape and colour, depending on the variety and market preference.
- Brinjal is a rich source of anthocyanins, phenolic acids, alkaloids and saponins that have anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties.
###Potato (Aloo):
- Potato is the most important vegetable crop in India, accounting for about 27% of the total vegetable production.
- Potato is a cool season crop and requires a temperature range of 15-20°C for optimum growth and yield.
- Potato is propagated by tubers, which are planted at a depth of 10-15 cm and a spacing of 45-60 cm between rows and 20-25 cm between plants.
- Potato requires a well-drained, sandy loam to clay loam soil with a pH of 5.5-6.5.
- Potato is susceptible to various pests and diseases, such as aphids, cutworms, potato tuber moth, late blight, early blight, black scurf, etc.
- Potato is harvested when the foliage starts to dry and the tubers attain the desired size and maturity.
- Potato is a rich source of carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, minerals and antioxidants.
###Tomato (Tamatar):
- Tomato is the second most important vegetable crop in India, accounting for about 12% of the total vegetable production.
- Tomato is a warm season crop and requires a temperature range of 20-30°C for optimum growth and yield.
- Tomato is propagated by seeds, which are sown in nursery beds and transplanted to the main field after 4-6 weeks.
- Tomato requires a well-drained, fertile, loamy soil with a pH of 6.0-7.0.
- Tomato is susceptible to various pests and diseases, such as whitefly, thrips, fruit borer, leaf miner, bacterial wilt, mosaic virus, leaf curl, etc.
- Tomato is harvested when the fruits attain the desired colour and ripeness, depending on the market preference.
- Tomato is a rich source of lycopene, a potent antioxidant that has anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory properties.
###Onion (Piaz):
- Onion is the third most important vegetable crop in India, accounting for about 11% of the total vegetable production.
- Onion is a biennial crop that is grown as an annual crop and requires a temperature range of 13-25°C for optimum growth and yield.
- Onion is propagated by seeds or bulbs, which are sown or planted at a depth of 2-3 cm and a spacing of 30-45 cm between rows and 10-15 cm between plants.
- Onion requires a well-drained, sandy loam to clay loam soil with a pH of 6.0-7.0.
- Onion is susceptible to various pests and diseases, such as onion thrips, onion maggot, onion fly, purple blotch, stemphylium blight, basal rot, etc.
- Onion is harvested when the tops fall over and the bulbs attain the desired size and dryness.
- Onion is a rich source of flavonoids, sulphur compounds, vitamin C and dietary fibre that have anti-microbial, anti-diabetic and anti-cholesterol effects.
###Brinjal (Baingan):
- Brinjal is the fourth most important vegetable crop in India, accounting for about 8% of the total vegetable production.
- Brinjal is a warm season crop and requires a temperature range of 24-30°C for optimum growth and yield.
- Brinjal is propagated by seeds, which are sown in nursery beds and transplanted to the main field after 6-8 weeks.
- Brinjal requires a well-drained, fertile, loamy soil with a pH of 6.5-7.5.
- Brinjal is susceptible to various pests and diseases, such as shoot and fruit borer, aphids, jassids, leaf hopper, wilt, blight, anthracnose, etc.
- Brinjal is harvested when the fruits attain the desired size, shape and colour, depending on the variety and market preference.
- Brinjal is a rich source of anthocyanins, phenolic acids, alkaloids and saponins that have anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties.
1. What percentage of the total vegetable production in India is accounted for by potatoes?
- A) 12%
- B) 11%
- C) 27%
- D) 8%
- Correct Answer: C) 27%
2. At what temperature range does tomato grow optimally?
- A) 15-20°C
- B) 20-30°C
- C) 13-25°C
- D) 24-30°C
- Correct Answer: B) 20-30°C
3. Which vegetable crop is propagated by tubers?
- A) Tomato
- B) Onion
- C) Potato
- D) Brinjal
- Correct Answer: C) Potato
4. Onion is considered what type of crop in its growth cycle?
- A) Annual
- B) Biennial grown as an annual
- C) Perennial
- D) Biennial
- Correct Answer: B) Biennial grown as an annual
5. What is the ideal soil pH for growing brinjal?
- A) 5.5-6.5
- B) 6.0-7.0
- C) 6.5-7.5
- D) 5.0-6.0
- Correct Answer: C) 6.5-7.5
6. Which vegetable crop is known for being a rich source of lycopene?
- A) Potato
- B) Tomato
- C) Onion
- D) Brinjal
- Correct Answer: B) Tomato
7. What is the primary method of propagation for onions?
- A) Tubers
- B) Cuttings
- C) Seeds or bulbs
- D) Grafting
- Correct Answer: C) Seeds or bulbs
8. Which vegetable crop is harvested based on the color and ripeness of its fruits?
- A) Potato
- B) Tomato
- C) Onion
- D) Brinjal
- Correct Answer: B) Tomato
9. Brinjal is susceptible to which of the following pests?
- A) Aphids
- B) Whitefly
- C) Onion thrips
- D) Potato tuber moth
- Correct Answer: A) Aphids
10. What is a significant health benefit of the nutrients found in onions?
- A) Anti-microbial and anti-diabetic effects
- B) High in carbohydrates
- C) Rich in lycopene
- D) Source of anthocyanins
- Correct Answer: A) Anti-microbial and anti-diabetic effects
- A) 12%
- B) 11%
- C) 27%
- D) 8%
- Correct Answer: C) 27%
2. At what temperature range does tomato grow optimally?
- A) 15-20°C
- B) 20-30°C
- C) 13-25°C
- D) 24-30°C
- Correct Answer: B) 20-30°C
3. Which vegetable crop is propagated by tubers?
- A) Tomato
- B) Onion
- C) Potato
- D) Brinjal
- Correct Answer: C) Potato
4. Onion is considered what type of crop in its growth cycle?
- A) Annual
- B) Biennial grown as an annual
- C) Perennial
- D) Biennial
- Correct Answer: B) Biennial grown as an annual
5. What is the ideal soil pH for growing brinjal?
- A) 5.5-6.5
- B) 6.0-7.0
- C) 6.5-7.5
- D) 5.0-6.0
- Correct Answer: C) 6.5-7.5
6. Which vegetable crop is known for being a rich source of lycopene?
- A) Potato
- B) Tomato
- C) Onion
- D) Brinjal
- Correct Answer: B) Tomato
7. What is the primary method of propagation for onions?
- A) Tubers
- B) Cuttings
- C) Seeds or bulbs
- D) Grafting
- Correct Answer: C) Seeds or bulbs
8. Which vegetable crop is harvested based on the color and ripeness of its fruits?
- A) Potato
- B) Tomato
- C) Onion
- D) Brinjal
- Correct Answer: B) Tomato
9. Brinjal is susceptible to which of the following pests?
- A) Aphids
- B) Whitefly
- C) Onion thrips
- D) Potato tuber moth
- Correct Answer: A) Aphids
10. What is a significant health benefit of the nutrients found in onions?
- A) Anti-microbial and anti-diabetic effects
- B) High in carbohydrates
- C) Rich in lycopene
- D) Source of anthocyanins
- Correct Answer: A) Anti-microbial and anti-diabetic effects