https://www.ted.com/talks/gerd_gigerenzer_why_do_people_fear_the_wrong_things
• تفاوت بین ریسک مطلق و نسبی. وقتی از بین ۱۰۰۰ بیمار که ۱۰ نفر سکته میکنن (۱ درصد) اگه به همه دارو بدی و مقدار به ۶ تغییر کنه ریسک مطلق ۰.۴ درصد کم میشه ولی ریسک نسبی ۴۰ درصد.
• برا همین تو اخبار خیلی وقتا ریسک نسبی رو میگن. پس حواست باشه که از چه چیزی میترسی.
• تفاوت بین ریسک مطلق و نسبی. وقتی از بین ۱۰۰۰ بیمار که ۱۰ نفر سکته میکنن (۱ درصد) اگه به همه دارو بدی و مقدار به ۶ تغییر کنه ریسک مطلق ۰.۴ درصد کم میشه ولی ریسک نسبی ۴۰ درصد.
• برا همین تو اخبار خیلی وقتا ریسک نسبی رو میگن. پس حواست باشه که از چه چیزی میترسی.
Ted
Why do people fear the wrong things?
A new drug reduces the risk of heart attacks by 40%. Shark attacks are up by a factor of two. Drinking a liter of soda per day doubles your chance of developing cancer. These are all examples of a common way risk is presented in news articles, and can often…
Atomic habits
》fundamentals《
● The surprising power of atomic habits
• Habits are the compound interest of self-improvement. Getting 1 percent better every day counts for a lot in the long-run.
• Habits are a double-edged sword. They can work for you or against you, which is why understanding the details is essential. Small changes often appear to make no difference until you cross a critical threshold. The most powerful outcomes of any compounding process are delayed. You need to be patient.
• An atomic habit is a little habit that is part of a larger system. Just as atoms are the building blocks of molecules, atomic habits are the building blocks of remarkable results.
• If you want better results, then forget about setting goals. Focus on your system instead.
• You do not rise to the level of your goals. You fall to the level of your systems.
● How your habits shape your identity (and vice versa)
• There are three levels of change: outcome change, process change, and identity change.
• The most effective way to change your habits is to focus not on what you want to achieve, but on who you wish to become.
• Your identity emerges out of your habits. Every action is a vote for the type of person you wish to become.
• Becoming the best version of yourself requires you to continuously edit your beliefs, and to upgrade and expand your identity.
• The real reason habits matter is not because they can get you better results (although they can do that), but because they can change your beliefs about yourself.
● How to build better habits in 4 simple steps
• A habit is a behavior that has been repeated enough times to be come automatic.
• The ultimate purpose of habits is to solve the problems of life with as little energy and effort as possible.
• Any habit can be broken down into a feedback loop that involves four steps: cue, craving, response, and reward.
• The Four Laws of Behavior Change are a simple set of rules we can use to build better habits. They are (1) make it obvious, (2) make it attractive, (3) make it easy, and (4) make it satisfying.
》fundamentals《
● The surprising power of atomic habits
• Habits are the compound interest of self-improvement. Getting 1 percent better every day counts for a lot in the long-run.
• Habits are a double-edged sword. They can work for you or against you, which is why understanding the details is essential. Small changes often appear to make no difference until you cross a critical threshold. The most powerful outcomes of any compounding process are delayed. You need to be patient.
• An atomic habit is a little habit that is part of a larger system. Just as atoms are the building blocks of molecules, atomic habits are the building blocks of remarkable results.
• If you want better results, then forget about setting goals. Focus on your system instead.
• You do not rise to the level of your goals. You fall to the level of your systems.
● How your habits shape your identity (and vice versa)
• There are three levels of change: outcome change, process change, and identity change.
• The most effective way to change your habits is to focus not on what you want to achieve, but on who you wish to become.
• Your identity emerges out of your habits. Every action is a vote for the type of person you wish to become.
• Becoming the best version of yourself requires you to continuously edit your beliefs, and to upgrade and expand your identity.
• The real reason habits matter is not because they can get you better results (although they can do that), but because they can change your beliefs about yourself.
● How to build better habits in 4 simple steps
• A habit is a behavior that has been repeated enough times to be come automatic.
• The ultimate purpose of habits is to solve the problems of life with as little energy and effort as possible.
• Any habit can be broken down into a feedback loop that involves four steps: cue, craving, response, and reward.
• The Four Laws of Behavior Change are a simple set of rules we can use to build better habits. They are (1) make it obvious, (2) make it attractive, (3) make it easy, and (4) make it satisfying.
Atomic habits
》The 1st law: Make it obvious《
● The man who didn't look right
• With enough practice, your brain will pick up on the cues that predict certain outcomes without consciously thinking about it.
• Once our habits become automatic, we stop paying attention to what we are doing.
• The process of behavior change always starts with awareness. You need to be aware of your habits before you can change them.
• Pointing-and-Calling raises your level of awareness from a non conscious habit to a more conscious level by verbalizing your actions.
• The Habits Scorecard is a simple exercise you can use to become more aware of your behavior.
● The best way to start a new habit
• The 1st Law of Behavior Change is make it obvious.
• The two most common cues are time and location.
• Creating an implementation intention is a strategy you can use to pair a new habit with a specific time and location.
• The implementation intention formula is: I will [BEHAVIOR] at [TIME] in [LOCATION].
• Habit stacking is a strategy you can use to pair a new habit with a current habit.
• The habit stacking formula is: After I [CURRENT HABIT], I will [NEW HABIT].
● Motivation Is Overrated; Environment Often Matters More
• Small changes in context can lead to large changes in behavior over time.
• Every habit is initiated by a cue. We are more likely to notice cues that stand out.
• Make the cues of good habits obvious in your environment.
• Gradually, your habits become associated not with a single trigger but with the entire context surrounding the behavior. The context becomes the cue.
• It is easier to build new habits in a new environment because you are not fighting against old cues.
● The secret to self-control
• The inversion of the 1st Law of Behavior Change is make it invisible.
• Once a habit is formed, it is unlikely to be forgotten.
• People with high self-control tend to spend less time in tempting situations. It's easier to avoid temptation than résist it.
• One of the most practical ways to eliminate a bad habit is to re duce exposure to the cue that causes it.
• Self-control is a short-term strategy, not a long-term one.
》The 1st law: Make it obvious《
● The man who didn't look right
• With enough practice, your brain will pick up on the cues that predict certain outcomes without consciously thinking about it.
• Once our habits become automatic, we stop paying attention to what we are doing.
• The process of behavior change always starts with awareness. You need to be aware of your habits before you can change them.
• Pointing-and-Calling raises your level of awareness from a non conscious habit to a more conscious level by verbalizing your actions.
• The Habits Scorecard is a simple exercise you can use to become more aware of your behavior.
● The best way to start a new habit
• The 1st Law of Behavior Change is make it obvious.
• The two most common cues are time and location.
• Creating an implementation intention is a strategy you can use to pair a new habit with a specific time and location.
• The implementation intention formula is: I will [BEHAVIOR] at [TIME] in [LOCATION].
• Habit stacking is a strategy you can use to pair a new habit with a current habit.
• The habit stacking formula is: After I [CURRENT HABIT], I will [NEW HABIT].
● Motivation Is Overrated; Environment Often Matters More
• Small changes in context can lead to large changes in behavior over time.
• Every habit is initiated by a cue. We are more likely to notice cues that stand out.
• Make the cues of good habits obvious in your environment.
• Gradually, your habits become associated not with a single trigger but with the entire context surrounding the behavior. The context becomes the cue.
• It is easier to build new habits in a new environment because you are not fighting against old cues.
● The secret to self-control
• The inversion of the 1st Law of Behavior Change is make it invisible.
• Once a habit is formed, it is unlikely to be forgotten.
• People with high self-control tend to spend less time in tempting situations. It's easier to avoid temptation than résist it.
• One of the most practical ways to eliminate a bad habit is to re duce exposure to the cue that causes it.
• Self-control is a short-term strategy, not a long-term one.
Atomic habits
》The 2nd law: Make it attractive《
● How to make a habit irresistible
• The 2nd Law of Behavior Change is make it attractive.
• The more attractive an opportunity is, the more likely it is to be come habit-forming.
• Habits are a dopamine-driven feedback loop. When dopamine rises, so does our motivation to act.
• It is the anticipation of a reward-not the fulfillment of it-that gets us to take action. The greater the anticipation, the greater the dopamine spike.
• Temptation bundling is one way to make your habits more attractive. The strategy is to pair an action you want to do with an ac tion you need to do.
● The role of family and friends in shaping your habits
• The culture we live in determines which behaviors are attrac tive to us.
• We tend to adopt habits that are praised and approved of by our culture because we have a strong desire to fit in and belong to the tribe.
• We tend to imitate the habits of three social groups: the close (family and friends), the many (the tribe), and the powerful (those with status and prestige).
• One of the most effective things you can do to build better habits is to join a culture where (1) your desired behavior is the normal behavior and (2) you already have something in common with the group.
• The normal behavior of the tribe often overpowers the desired behavior of the individual. Most days, we'd rather be wrong with the crowd than be right by ourselves.
• If a behavior can get us approval, respect, and praise, we find it attractive.
● How to find and fix the causes of your bad habits
• The inversion of the 2nd Law of Behavior Change is make it unattractive.
• Every behavior has a surface level craving and a deeper under lying motive.
• Your habits are modern-day solutions to ancient desires.
• The cause of your habits is actually the prediction that precedes them. The prediction leads to a feeling.
• Highlight the benefits of avoiding a bad habit to make it seem unattractive.
• Habits are attractive when we associate them with positive feelings and unattractive when we associate them with negative feelings. Create a motivation ritual by doing something you enjoy immediately before a difficult habit.
》The 2nd law: Make it attractive《
● How to make a habit irresistible
• The 2nd Law of Behavior Change is make it attractive.
• The more attractive an opportunity is, the more likely it is to be come habit-forming.
• Habits are a dopamine-driven feedback loop. When dopamine rises, so does our motivation to act.
• It is the anticipation of a reward-not the fulfillment of it-that gets us to take action. The greater the anticipation, the greater the dopamine spike.
• Temptation bundling is one way to make your habits more attractive. The strategy is to pair an action you want to do with an ac tion you need to do.
● The role of family and friends in shaping your habits
• The culture we live in determines which behaviors are attrac tive to us.
• We tend to adopt habits that are praised and approved of by our culture because we have a strong desire to fit in and belong to the tribe.
• We tend to imitate the habits of three social groups: the close (family and friends), the many (the tribe), and the powerful (those with status and prestige).
• One of the most effective things you can do to build better habits is to join a culture where (1) your desired behavior is the normal behavior and (2) you already have something in common with the group.
• The normal behavior of the tribe often overpowers the desired behavior of the individual. Most days, we'd rather be wrong with the crowd than be right by ourselves.
• If a behavior can get us approval, respect, and praise, we find it attractive.
● How to find and fix the causes of your bad habits
• The inversion of the 2nd Law of Behavior Change is make it unattractive.
• Every behavior has a surface level craving and a deeper under lying motive.
• Your habits are modern-day solutions to ancient desires.
• The cause of your habits is actually the prediction that precedes them. The prediction leads to a feeling.
• Highlight the benefits of avoiding a bad habit to make it seem unattractive.
• Habits are attractive when we associate them with positive feelings and unattractive when we associate them with negative feelings. Create a motivation ritual by doing something you enjoy immediately before a difficult habit.
Atomic habits
》The 3rd law: Make it easy《
● Walk slowly, but never backward
• The 3rd Law of Behavior Change is make it easy.
• The most effective form of learning is practice, not planning.
• Focus on taking action, not being in motion.
• Habit formation is the process by which a behavior becomes pro gressively more automatic through repetition.
• The amount of time you have been performing a habit is not as important as the number of times you have performed it.
● The law of least effort
• Human behavior follows the Law of Least Effort. We will natu rally gravitate toward the option that requires the least amount of work.
• Create an environment where doing the right thing is as easy as possible.
• Reduce the friction associated with good behaviors. When friction is low, habits are easy.
• Increase the friction associated with bad behaviors. When fric tion is high, habits are difficult.
• Prime your environment to make future actions easier.
● How to stop procrastinating by using the two-minutes rule
• Habits can be completed in a few seconds but continue to impact your behavior for minutes or hours afterward.
• Many habits occur at decisive moments-choices that are like a fork in the road and either send you in the direction of a pro ductive day or an unproductive one.
• The Two-Minute Rule states, "When you start a new habit, it should take less than two minutes to do."
• The more you ritualize the beginning of a process, the more likely it becomes that you can slip into the state of deep focus that is required to do great things.
• Standardize before you optimize. You can't improve a habit that doesn't exist.
● How to make good habits inevitable and bad habits impossible
• The inversion of the 3rd law of Behavior Change is make it difficult.
• A commitment device a choice you make in the present that locks better behavior in the future.
• The ultimate way to lock in future behavior is to automate your habits.
• Onetime choices-like buying a better mattress or enrolling in an automatic savings plan-are single actions that automate your future habits and deliver increasing returns over time.
• Using technology to automate your habits is the most reliable and effective to guarantee the right behavior.
》The 3rd law: Make it easy《
● Walk slowly, but never backward
• The 3rd Law of Behavior Change is make it easy.
• The most effective form of learning is practice, not planning.
• Focus on taking action, not being in motion.
• Habit formation is the process by which a behavior becomes pro gressively more automatic through repetition.
• The amount of time you have been performing a habit is not as important as the number of times you have performed it.
● The law of least effort
• Human behavior follows the Law of Least Effort. We will natu rally gravitate toward the option that requires the least amount of work.
• Create an environment where doing the right thing is as easy as possible.
• Reduce the friction associated with good behaviors. When friction is low, habits are easy.
• Increase the friction associated with bad behaviors. When fric tion is high, habits are difficult.
• Prime your environment to make future actions easier.
● How to stop procrastinating by using the two-minutes rule
• Habits can be completed in a few seconds but continue to impact your behavior for minutes or hours afterward.
• Many habits occur at decisive moments-choices that are like a fork in the road and either send you in the direction of a pro ductive day or an unproductive one.
• The Two-Minute Rule states, "When you start a new habit, it should take less than two minutes to do."
• The more you ritualize the beginning of a process, the more likely it becomes that you can slip into the state of deep focus that is required to do great things.
• Standardize before you optimize. You can't improve a habit that doesn't exist.
● How to make good habits inevitable and bad habits impossible
• The inversion of the 3rd law of Behavior Change is make it difficult.
• A commitment device a choice you make in the present that locks better behavior in the future.
• The ultimate way to lock in future behavior is to automate your habits.
• Onetime choices-like buying a better mattress or enrolling in an automatic savings plan-are single actions that automate your future habits and deliver increasing returns over time.
• Using technology to automate your habits is the most reliable and effective to guarantee the right behavior.
Atomic habits
》The 4th law: Make it satisfying《
● The Cardinal Rule of Behavior Change
• The 4th Law of Behavior Change is make it satisfying.
• We are more likely to repeat a behavior when the experience is satisfying.
• The human brain evolved to prioritize immediate rewards over delayed rewards.
• The Cardinal Rule of Behavior Change: What is immediately re warded is repeated. What is immediately punished is avoided.
• To get a habit to stick you need to feel immediately successful even if it's in a small way.
• The first three laws of behavior change-make it obvious, make it attractive, and make it easy-increase the odds that a behavior will be performed this time. The fourth law of behavior change make it satisfying-increases the odds that a behavior will be re peated next time.
● How to stick with good habits every day
• One of the most satisfying feelings is the feeling of making progress.
• A habit tracker is a simple way to measure whether you did a habit-like marking an X on a calendar.
• Habit trackers and other visual forms of measurement can make your habits satisfying by providing clear evidence of your progress.
• Don't break the chain. Try to keep your habit streak alive.
• Never miss twice. If you miss one day, try to get back on track as quickly as possible.
• Just because you can measure something doesn't mean it's the most important thing.
● How an Accountability Partner Can Change Everything
• The inversion of the 4th Law of Behavior Change is make it unsat isfying.
• We are less likely to repeat a bad habit if it is painful or unsatisfying.
• An accountability partner can create an immediate cost to inac tion. We care deeply about what others think of us, and we do not want others to have a lesser opinion of us.
• A habit contract can be used to add a social cost to any behavior. It makes the costs of violating your promises public and painful.
• Knowing that someone else is watching you can be a powerful motivator.
》The 4th law: Make it satisfying《
● The Cardinal Rule of Behavior Change
• The 4th Law of Behavior Change is make it satisfying.
• We are more likely to repeat a behavior when the experience is satisfying.
• The human brain evolved to prioritize immediate rewards over delayed rewards.
• The Cardinal Rule of Behavior Change: What is immediately re warded is repeated. What is immediately punished is avoided.
• To get a habit to stick you need to feel immediately successful even if it's in a small way.
• The first three laws of behavior change-make it obvious, make it attractive, and make it easy-increase the odds that a behavior will be performed this time. The fourth law of behavior change make it satisfying-increases the odds that a behavior will be re peated next time.
● How to stick with good habits every day
• One of the most satisfying feelings is the feeling of making progress.
• A habit tracker is a simple way to measure whether you did a habit-like marking an X on a calendar.
• Habit trackers and other visual forms of measurement can make your habits satisfying by providing clear evidence of your progress.
• Don't break the chain. Try to keep your habit streak alive.
• Never miss twice. If you miss one day, try to get back on track as quickly as possible.
• Just because you can measure something doesn't mean it's the most important thing.
● How an Accountability Partner Can Change Everything
• The inversion of the 4th Law of Behavior Change is make it unsat isfying.
• We are less likely to repeat a bad habit if it is painful or unsatisfying.
• An accountability partner can create an immediate cost to inac tion. We care deeply about what others think of us, and we do not want others to have a lesser opinion of us.
• A habit contract can be used to add a social cost to any behavior. It makes the costs of violating your promises public and painful.
• Knowing that someone else is watching you can be a powerful motivator.